Fateh Khatib⁽¹⁾ and Tasneem Khayata Bsata*⁽¹⁾

(1) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University. Aleppo, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Tasneem Bsata E-Mail: simobsat@gmail.com).

Received: 31/05/2020         Accepted: 7/07/2020

Abstract

Lentil crop is exposed to many environmental stresses, which reduce its productivity. Genetic engineering was used in gene transferring from different organisms into plants; in a way that cannot be achieved by conventional breeding. Mainly, gene transferring enhanced the performance of plants in the field as well as their tolerance to some of biotic and abiotic stresses.  Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) genes are characterized by their ability to detoxify xenobiotics including herbicides. GST enzyme is considered as one of the antioxidant enzymes, which scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, The Reverse Transcription technique was used to detect the expression of GST gene in lentil, comparing to actin as an endogenous gene. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of GST enzymes was tested in inhibiting the free radical substrate DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl). The result of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR detected the expression of GST gene in the transgenic plants, which indicates the transcription into mRNA and the fact that no pre-transcription silencing at this stage was occurred. The transgenic line A7 exhibited tolerance to glyphosate and 2.4-D herbicides with 0.5, 1, 2 mM. Different inhibition percentages were scored according to the event of the transgenic lines. The Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the rate of inhibition of free radical DPPH, between the line A7 and the parental line ILL5588, where they reached 79.4% and 67.2%, respectively. Thus, the line A7 can be used in extended experiments under some biotic or abiotic stresses which may reveal the value of the transgene.

Key words: gene expression, reverse transcription, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, lentil.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Abd AL-Hakeem AL-kasham ^*(1)

(1). Department of Agronomy, faculty of agriculture, AL-furat University, Deir Ezzor, Syria.

(*: Corresponding author Abd AL-Hakeem AL-kasham  .Email:

dr.akasham @gmail.com)

Received: 17/4/2020                                  Accepted: 2/6/2020

Abstract

The research was conducted at AL-Husseinia village, north Deir Ezzor governorate, during 2018/2019 growing season, to study the effect of sowing date and addition of humic acids on growth and yield of chickpea under conditions of Deir Ezzor governorate. The studied factors in this experiment were: sowing dates (25/12) and (25/1), and the second factor was the addition method of humic acids as follow: – control without humic acids, – foliar spraying with humic acids, – and adding humic acids with irrigation. The organic fertilizer Humax ( commercial product) was used as source of humic acids. Experimental design was RCBD with arranging treatments in split-plot design with three replications. Results showed that sowing date in 25/12 significantly surpassed 25/1 sowing date in most of studied traits at harvest. The productivity of 25/12 sowing date reached to 2822.3 kg/ha, while it was 2114.7 kg/ha in 25/1 sowing date. Generally the addition of humic acids resulted an increasing in growth and productivity of chickpea. Foliar application of humic acids, gave the highest values of number of branches/plants, 100 seed weight, number of fully pods/plant and seed yield per unit area as compared with adding with irrigation and control treatments. However, the differences between the two addition methods (foliar and adding with irrigation), weren’t significant, for plant dry weight and plant height at harvest. The highest productivity of seed (3050 kg/ha) was obtained from sowing chickpea on 25/12 with foliar application of organic fertilizer.

Keywords: Chickpea, Sowing date, Humic acids, Organic fertilizer, Growth traits, Yield.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Roula Hamoui⁽¹⁾, ^* Mahmud Dahan⁽¹⁾ and Faten Hamed⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Department of Food technology, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Roula Hamoui E-mail: roula31@hotmail.com

Received: 16/05/2020                                Accepted: 11/06/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out at the oil technology laboratory in department of food science of the faculty of Agriculture engineering  in 2019, were used different mixture in multiple proportions of sunflower oil and coconut oil to find out the effect of the chemical interesterification using the sodium methoxide (CH3ONa) as the catalyst in its properties, which containing number of saponification, iodine value, fatty acid composition, slip melting point and the amount of solid triglycerides solid at different temperatures, Solid Fat Index% (SFI%). The results showed a clear decrease in the slip melting point and SFI% in the mixture studied after applying interesterification on them, according the type and proportions of the constituent lipids, as they lead to produced lipids with new physical specific properties that could be used in various types of Margarine processing, while interesterification did not cause any significant differences in the  some chemical properties studied of mixtures such as the number of saponification and the iodine value. By conclusion, the mixing and interesterification of vegetable oils with different of physical and chemical properties lead to obtaining lipids with new physical properties that could be used in various food processing.

Keywords: Chemical Interesterification, Vegetable oils, Slip Melting Point, SFI%, Margarine.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Muhammad Hasan ^*(1), Suhiel Ibrahim Basha ⁽¹⁾and  Mohammed Kassem ⁽²⁾

(1). Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Dept. department of basic Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleppo University, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Mahammad Hasan. E-Mail: muhammad.hasan15346@gmail.com).

Received 13 / 07/ 2020                      Accepted  2  / 09   / 2020

Abstract

The current study was to determine the possibility of reducing the amount of tannin in fresh pomegranate juice (French cultivar) after its treatment with an enzymatic extract of a fungal isolate Aspergillus niger of which has the enzymatic effectiveness (27.48 U\ml), and The effect of this treatment on the qualitative characteristics of pomegranate juice output. The optimal conditions for this treatment were initially determined by the effect of the amount of enzyme added (0.5, 1, 1.5 ,2) ml, and the duration of the treatment (30, 60, 90, 120, 150) minute, this study was investigated at the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo in 2019. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the optimum treatment in reducing tannins content was by adding 1 ml of the raw enzymatic extract of tannase to 9 ml of juice, and continuing the treatment for 120 minute, as an enzymatic treatment in these conditions reduced the content of tannins in the juice by 43% compared to control, and the results showed a positive effect of this treatment on the degree of juice turbidity and its content of reducing sugars and the ratio of soluble solids. The enzymatic treatment decreased significantly in the degree of juice turbidity by 39%, and an increase in the content of reduced sugars and the proportion of soluble solids by 13%, 2% respectively. when compared to control. Whereas this treatment hurt the juice’s content of phenolic and anthocyanin compounds and ascorbic acid, which caused a loss of 7, 5, 30% respectively. This enzymatic treatment did not show any meaningful differences from total pH and pH level compared to the control.

Keywords: Tannase, Tannins, Enzymatic treatment, Pomegranate juice

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mohammad Dosh Aldaemes⁽¹⁾*

(1). Food Technology Division, Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Hama, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Hama, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Dr.Mohammad aldaemes  E-Mail: maldaames@yahoo.com )

Received: 13/08/2020                                Accepted: 3/09/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out to investigate and estimate aflatoxins in hard and soft Syrian wheat, under realistic storage conditions in concrete silos (Dokma) for three consecutive years. Wheat samples were taken after harvesting in 2011 during purchases in Silos Center of Qal’at al-Madiq. The standard samples were classified into two species: hard wheat (grade 2) (S2/) 2) and soft wheat (grade 2) (S4/2). Each wheat species was stored separately in a large cell of 1200 tons. The wheat species included Exsad 65, Duma (a hard wheat), Sham 6 and Sham 8. A sample of 50 gm was used in experiment (every three months) with a total 52 sample. The aflatoxins were analysed via HPLC. The results showed that samples of hard and soft Syrian wheat were free of aflatoxins (after harvest). After 9 months of storage the aflatoxins were detected and continuo to increase significantly (p< 0.05) for all wheat species. At the final storage period the species Sham 6 recorded high level of aflatotoxins (1.895ppb) followed by Sham 8 (1.685ppb), Douma (1.5246ppb) and Exsad 65(1.452ppb).

Key words: Aflatoxins, Wheat Storage, Syrian wheat, HPLC.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahmoud Abdulkreem⁽¹⁾* and Suha Habeeb ⁽¹⁾

(1).Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author:  Mahmoud Abdulkreem E-Mail: madrid198182@yahoo.com )

Received: 10/11/2020                                Accepted: 1/12/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo in October of 2020, and the research aimed to study the chemical composition of the thigh and breast of broiler meat available in the markets of Aleppo city, as well as to study the effect of the boiling process on the chemical composition of  thigh and breast of broiler. The study showed a significant increase in the moisture content of thigh compared to breast, and a significant increase was observed at a significant level (P <0.01) in the protein ratio of breast compared to thigh which was characterized by a significant increase in fat percentage, while a relative convergence was observed in the amount of ash. Between both muscles. It was also found, through the study, that the boiling process was lower due to the lower humidity of the boiled samples compared to the raw samples, due to the loss of part of the cellular juice in the boiling water, which led to the increase of the rest of the components, the most important of which is protein. Compared to the percentage of loss in breast meat It was also noted that the percentage of loss of boiled water in thigh meat was 36.11%, which is higher compared to the percentage of loss in breast meat, which was 32.25%.

Key words: Chicken thigh meat, chicken breast meat, chemical composition boiling

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahaba Abd El Moety ElSayed Ahmed Mahaba^*(1)

(1). Department of Economic Studies, Socio-Economic Division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

(*Corresponding Author : Mahaba Abd ElMoety ElSayed. Email:  mahaba_agr11@yahoo.com)

Received: 27 /06 /2021       Accepted:  10 / 10 / 2021

Abstract

The fruits of the date palm are considered one of the most important food for the inhabitants of the desert areas, especially the governorate of the New Valley, The research problem is that the average productivity of date Palm in the New Valley governorate is lower than the average productivity in the Republic. The research aims to study the current state of date production in the New Valley governorate, by identifying the economic and technical agricultural features related to the production of date palm in the New Valley governorate. Where two samples were taken from the farmers of date Palm Al-Saidi (Al-Siwa), the first sample apply a package of targeted agricultural practices, and the other sample do not apply this package of agricultural practices, each sample was divided into three categories, and shows an increase in the value of the total production costs of fedden date Palm Al-Saidi (Al-Siwa) in the case of target such as the procedure of stacking, which is estimated at about 1140 ، 1144, 1138 EGP for the first, second and third acquisition categories, respectively, as well as the value of the annual loss of the drip irrigation network, which is estimated at about 1715 EGP for all acquisition categories, in addition to the value of the bags used in the process of bagging, and finally the high cost of maintenance of the drip irrigation network, despite the high ranking, as a result of the high production costs resulting from the application of these practices, but the increase in individual productivity in The state of application of targeted agricultural practices compared to the case of non-application of these practices by 0,433, 0,432, 0,436 tons/fedden for the first, second and third possessory categories, respectively, this in addition to the increase of the agricultural price of the crop in the case of application of agricultural practices compared to the case of non-application of these practices by 77, 70, 73 pounds/fedden yield is approximately 3.55%, 4.24% and 4.05% for the first, second and third acquisition categories, respectively. The research recommended the need to expand the application of new agricultural practices in date palm farms in the New Valley Governorate.

Keywords: Date palm, ElSaidi variety, Good gricultural practices,    Productive efficiency, Egypt.

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Fayez Al-mokdad* ⁽¹⁾, Wael Habib ⁽²⁾ and Hani Hasson ⁽¹⁾

 (1). Socio-Economics Administration, General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Researches (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2₎ Socio-Economics Section, Lattakia Center of Scientific Agricultural Researches (GCSAR), Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: dr.Fayez Almokdad. E-Mail: Deepmokdad@yahoo.com ).

Received: 12/05/2020         Accepted: 31/05/202

Abstract

The research aimed to highlight the status of poverty in Syria during the crisis, using secondary data collected during 2017 and applying quantitative and descriptive analysis methods. The results showed an increase in poverty rate during the crisis, estimated at 45% in 2016 compared to 28% in 2010, and this percentage was higher in rural areas to reach nearly 60%. It was found that 83.4% of Syrians are below the upper-moderate poverty line, adopted by Syrian government to measure poverty, compared to 28% in (2010). This increase in poverty rates was accompanied by a decrease in per capita GDP from 72.5 thousand SYP in 2011 to less than 27 thousand SYP in 2016. In parallel, prices has doubled by about 6 times the increase in income. This situation led to an increase in the percentage of food-insecure people to about 67.2% of population in 2016. The results also showed that poverty could be reduced by 1.1%, 3.3% and 1.45%, by increasing local investment (both public and private) and government expenditure on education and health by 10%, respectively. While the increase in production costs by 10% may lead to increase poverty rate by 3.5%. Whereas, poverty rate increase by 1.2%, when unemployment increase by 10%, assuming that other factors remain unchanged. On the other hand, the value of the elasticity of each of the studied variables was weighted by the percentage of poverty in rural and urban areas. The increase in government spending on education and health and the increase in investment in rural areas by 10% would lead to a reduction in rural poverty by 3.45%, 1.53% and 1.15%, respectively. In addition, reducing unemployment and agricultural production costs by 10% will reduce rural poverty by 1.33% and 3.70%, respectively, while the effect will be less in urban areas.

Key words: poverty, food security, per capita income, Syrian crisis, macroeconomic indicators.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ismail    Omran ^(¹)*, Ghassan Yacoub⁽¹⁾  and  Mahmoud Alio⁽¹⁾

(1). Dep. Agricultural Economics, Fac. Agric., Tishreen Univ., Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng: Ismail Mohamad Omran E.mail: Ismail.omran86@gmail.com).

Received: 17/11/2020                                Accepted: 20/04/2020

Abstract

The aim of the research is to study the governmental support provided to the citrus crop in Lattakia governorate before and after the creation of the Agricultural Production Support Fund, in addition to studying the indicators of economic performance efficiency in order to evaluate the adopted support policies and choose the most appropriate policy to support the crop.  The research data were collected from primary sources represented in a sample size of 381 farmers in the governorate of Lattakia distributed in a complete random manner. The data were also collected from secondary sources represented in references, reports, books, and websites, where the study used the descriptive and analytical approach, and the data was analyzed using (SPSS20).The results of the study showed an increase in production costs due to the high costs of agricultural inputs as a result of liberalizing their prices in the market, allowing the private sector to import them and meat at their prices, in addition to a decrease in the net return of a dunum of citrus crops from 13440 SYP / dunum to 10300 SYP / dunum, a decrease of about 31%, and the shift of agricultural support from in-kind support to cash support did not harm the farmers’ interest, because the amount provided to support one dunum of the crop is very small when compared to the cost of producing a dunum.

Key words: citrus yield, agricultural support, agricultural policies, In-kind support, cash support.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Siba Said^(1)*

• Department of Agricultural Economic, faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Siba Said E-Mail :sibasaeed1978@gmail.com)

Received: 5/03/2020                                  Accepted: 29/05/2020

Abstract

The research aimed to study the obstacles that facing rural woman in Jableh region, inorder to serve and develop their society, and to know the extent to which these impedimenta are different by gende , and inorder to  achieve the goals the social survey method  that is carried out by studying the phenomenon to different dimensions was used. The study was performed in 2019, in the countryside of Jableh, Lattakia, Syria. The results The results indicated that the most important factors that stand in the way of activating the role of women in the countryside of Jableh are social factors, after that  economic and political factors, and finally personal factors, The level of these obstacles was estimated at the middle level .The study showed that females see that social and economic and political obstacles prevent them from empowering them, while males see that the difficulty of empowering women is due to the personal factors specific to women.The research recommended that community should be made aware of the importance of women’s administrative development in the progress and development of society, components and the achievement of its goals .

Key words: Rural community, Rural woman, Rural development, obstacles .

Full paper in Arabic: PDF