Amani  Alhaiji^*(1) , Hussain  Almahasneh⁽¹⁾ and Raua Alshek ateah⁽²⁾

(1). Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University.

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Crop Research Admonition, Damascus Countryside Research Center)

(*Corresponding author: Amani Alhaiji, E-Mail: amani2.alhaiji@damascusuniversity.edu.sy             Mobile: 0988690014). 

Received:24/04/2024                     Accepted:13/08/2024

An experiment was conducted at general commission for scientific agricultural research, Petima research center, during the 2022-2023, to study the effect of four irrigation tretments (I0: rain fed agriculture, I1: two flag, I2: three flag,I3: complete irrigation) on some morphological traits and productivity of three varieties of Quinoa (V1: Q26; V2: Gieza ; V3: Zer. The experiment was designed according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in the order of the split blocks, with 3 replications. The results showed significant differences between the studied treatments and their interactions. the complete irrigation treatment (I3) excelled in the following traits the plant length(99.56cm), weight of the thousand  seeds(2.63gr), the seed weight per plant(29.33gr ( and  the seed yield (3519kg.ha^-1), while the supplementary irrigation treatment (I1) excelled in the number of othkul per plant(16.22) othkul.plant^-1, number of plants per area (12 plant.m^-2), the varieties Q26 (V1) excelled in productivety traits and achieved the highest average in weight of a thousand seeds trait (2.60gr), the seed weight per plant trait(28.16.gr) and the seed yield trait(3328kg.ha^-1),. the interaction between  the variety Q26 and irrigation treatment (I3)with complete irrigation gave the highest average for the following traits: plant length (108.67cm),number of plants per area(12plant.m^-2), seed weight per plant(33.78gr), and the seed yield(4053kg .ha^-1).

Keywords: Quinoa, irrigation, varieties, productivity.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Micheal Skaf⁽¹⁾ , Roze Al Koubaily⁽¹⁾  and Eghaa Zaher^{* (3)}

(1). Forestry and Environment Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Eghraa Saleh Zaher. E-mail: eghraazaher@gmail.com, phone : 0991781935).

Received:  22/02/2024         Accepted:11/07/2024

Forest fires are one of the most important disturbances that threaten the sustainability of forest ecosystems, and their danger increases year after year in various regions of the world in light of current climate changes. The daily values ​​of precipitation amounts, average temperatures, and relative air humidity for the Qardaha station, located in one of the most important forest areas in the coastal region of Syria, were used to estimate the risk of forest fires using Teliycn index during the years extending between 2000 and 2020. Box-Plots and descriptive statistical analysis were used to study the climatic characteristics of the study area. In order to determine the direction of change and estimate its value, trend lines were used, and the significance of the change was verified using the Mann-Kendall test. The results showed great variation in the start date of the risk of forest fires, the length of the fire season and the degree of danger between years depending on the differences in the amounts and distributions of precipitation and the level of temperatures. The results also showed increasing tendency of fire danger in the region. The highest value of the Teliycn index increased by 25.7, and the length of the fire season increased by about 22 days, while the trend was clear towards an early onset of fire danger by about 7 days during the study period 2000-2020. These results emphasize the importance of current climate changes in increasing the risk of forest fires in the study area, which requires taking appropriate measures to confront this danger that threatens forest ecosystems in the region.

Keywords: forest fires forest – flammability – fire danger index – drought index – Climate change and forest fire -Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Asmaa Akra (1)*

 (1). Department of Horticulture- Faculty of Agriculture Engineering – Tishreen University-Lattakia-Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Asmaa akra. E-Mail: asmaa.akra83@gmail.com).

Received: 28/02/2024                Accepted: 5/08/2024

This research experiment was carried out in Bsaisin, Jableh region, during the agricultural season 2022-2023. It aimed to study the effect of spraying seaweed extract and EM1 on vegetative growth and production characteristics in lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa.L). In depends on the Randomize complete Block Design (RCBD) Full with five treatments and three replication for each treatment, and 15 plants per replication, the treatments were: spray plants with water only (Control) -Spray plants with seaweed extract (1 ml/l) – Spray plants with seaweed extract (2 ml/l) – Spray plants with EM1 (5 ml/l) – Spray plants with EM1 (10 ml/l). It was noticed that spraying Lactuca sativa. L plants with seaweed extract (1 ml/l) and EM1(10 ml/l) increased all the indicators studied (vegetative growth and production characteristics) as compared to the control treatment with significant differences. Our results showed the positive effect of foliar spraying with EM1 10 ml/l on lettuce plant, achieving an increase in the representative surface area (6666) cm², head weight(934) g, and production quantity(7.8) kg/m2.                                                                                                                     

Keyword: Lactuca sativa, seaweed extract, EM1, Growth, Yield, Quality.  

Full paper in Arabic: PDF             

Arwa Al-Bustany^{* (1)}, Hassan Abbas ⁽¹⁾, Abd Al-Naser Al-Omar ⁽²⁾, Khaled Qassem ⁽³⁾, Shaza Habib ⁽³⁾, Iyad Al-Helou ⁽³⁾, Ethar Al-Sayyid⁽³⁾, and Heba Adra ⁽³⁾

(1). Department of Animal Production, Al-Baath University, Homs, Syria.

(2). HamaResearch Center, Hama, Syria.

(3). Salamiyah Research Center, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Arwa Al-Bustany. E-mail: arwaalbustany1989@gmail.com).

Received:  21/02/2024         Accepted:11/07/2024

Abstract: 

The research was conducted at the Salamia Research Center (Kareem) from August 22/8/ 2023 to December 9/12/ 2023 with the aim of studying the effect of different ratios of zinc oxide and nano zinc oxide on some productive and hematological indicators of pregnant Awassi ewes and their lambs.Twenty Awassi ewes, aged 2-3 years, were used in the study, with an average of 5 ewes per group. They were divided into four groups and monitored for two months before birth and one month after giving birth. The ewes were fed with the same diet used at the station. The control group was fed a diet containing 30 mg of zinc oxide per kg of dry matter feed, while the second, third, and fourth groups were fed doses of nano zinc oxide (10, 20, 30) mg/kg of dry matter feed. The results showed no significant differences between the control group and the three experimental groups in ewe weight throughout the experiment. The weights of the lambs at birth were higher in the nano groups compared to the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. The ewes in the experimental groups (third and fourth) outperformed the control group in terms of total protein and albumin levels in the blood (P < 0.05). However, feeding the ewes with zinc oxide or nano zinc oxide had no significant effect on AST, ALT, and creatinine levels in the blood of ewes and their lambs, indicating no harmful effects on the liver and kidneys by adding nano zinc oxide. An increase in blood zinc levels was observed when feeding the ewes with nano zinc oxide, but it was not statistically significant in the ewes’ blood. However, significant differences were observed between the control group and both the third and fourth groups in the blood of the newborns, indicating greater absorption of nano zinc oxide in the digestive system, which suggests its use to enhance the productive and hematological indicators of Awassi ewes.

Key words: Awassi sheep, nano, zinc oxide.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF  

Ahmed soufi^(1)*

(1). Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ahmed Soufi, E-mail: Ahmed soufi,  7mada.movo9@gmail.com, phone:00963991266905).

Received:  4/06/2024         Accepted:13/07/2024

Abstract: 

The research was conducted during the year 2024. The seeds were treated with three concentrations of Sodium azide (1, 3, 5 mM ) and with a soaking time of (6) hours.  In addition, to induce salinity stress, sodium chloride (NaCl) was used at concentrations (4, 8, 12 dS/m).  The experiment was implemented according to a randomized complete design (R.C.D.) in the village of Burj Islam – Latakia – Syria.  Three replicates for each treatment.  Some germination indicators of the treated seeds were measured (germination percentage (%)), morphological indicators of plants (plant height (cm/plant)), Morphophysiological indicators (total leaf surface area (cm2), )Net Photosynthesis Rate (mg/cm2/day)(, specific weight of leaves (g/cm2) and Leaf Area Index. High salinity concentration led to negative effects on all indicators studied. Treatment with the chemical mutagen NAN3 resulted in an increase in germination rate, plant height, total leaf surface area, net photosynthesis rate, leaf specific gravity and leaf area index. On the other side. Treatment with chemical mutagens under salinity stress conditions at low concentration (1 mM) outperformed all treatments and control. Therefore, we recommend soaking the seeds with a concentration of (1 mM) NAN3, due to its role in improving germination and the morphological and morphological characteristics of the local tobacco variety.

Keywords: soaking seeds, NAN3, tobacco plant, NaCl.

 Full paper in English: PDF

Fahed Albiski ^*(1) , Bassam  Al okla ⁽¹⁾ , Hijazi Mando ⁽¹⁾, Ramzi Murshed ⁽²⁾ , Luna Ahmad ⁽³⁾  and Nour Haj Masoud ⁽¹⁾

(1). National Commission for Biotechnology, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific    Research, Damascus, Syria.

(2). Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damascus, Syria.

(3). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria,

(*Corresponding author: Fahed Izidin Albiski, E-mail: fahedalbiski@yahoo.com).

Received: 29/5/2024           Accepted: 1/7/2024

Abstract

The current research was carried out in the laboratories of the General Commission for Biotechnology in 2022-2023 with the aim of studying the nutritional value of three species of medicinal mushrooms, namely Shiitake (Lentinula edodes Berk.), Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum Curtis.) and Lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus Bull.) in terms of the chemical composition included moisture, proteins, ash, dietary fibers, carbohydrates and fats; and fatty acid profiles, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; and metals (sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphor, magnesium, iron and zinc) as a percentage of the dry weight. The current research results revealed that the investigated mushrooms contained a high percent of proteins ranged between 15.75 and 20.81%, and carbohydrates ranged between 46.94 and 50.96% in Reishi and Shiitake fungi, respectively. Moreover, the powder of investigated medical fungi contained a high percent of potassium, phosphor and iron; where potassium ranged between 500 and 1850 mg/100 g in Reishi and Lion’s mane, respectively, and phosphor ranged between 200.17 and 460.15 mg/100 g in Shiitake and Reishi, respectively. Shiitake and Reishi contained a high percent of unsaturated fatty acids ranged between 83.83 and 82.95%, respectively. The results revealed that the main fatty acids in Shiitake were linoleic acid (78.29%), palmitic acid (13.54%) and oleic acid (4.41%); while the main fatty acids in Reishi were oleic acid (52.51%), linoleic acid (29.92%) and palmitic acid (13.27%). Lion’s mane characterized with a high percent of saturated fatty acids (70.13%) and the main fatty acids were palmitic (33.61%), oleic acid (21.88%) and stearic acid (12.62%).

Keywords: medicinal mushrooms, Shiitake, Reishi, Lion’s mane, chemical composition, mineral elements, fatty acids.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

                 Yazn Saleh * ⁽¹⁾ and Faisal Hamed ⁽²⁾         

(1). Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Syria.     

(2). Prof. in Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Syria.                                                  

(*Corresponding Author: Yazn Saleh. Email: yzansalh96@gmail.com).

Received:   2/3/2024           Accepted:  26/6/2024

Abstract: 

This research was carried out in the village of Harfa, located in the Jabal Al-Sheikh Region of the Rural Damascus Governorate-Syria, during the two growth seasons (2022-2023/ 2023-2024). The aim of this research was to evaluate the morphological variation of six types of Fig (Ficus carica L.) spread in the Jabal Al-Sheikh Region, (Saidawi Kabir, Saidawi Sagheer, Malaki, Khudairy, Halabloub, Aswad). The morphological Characteristics were read based on the fig descriptor approved by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Some of morphological Characteristics were used to differ studied Fig sample, differentiation analysis showed significant differences, the shoot dimeter ranged between (10.3-12.5) mm, as for leaf length it ranged between (17.69-22.42) cm, the leaf width was between (10.72-13.19)cm. the Fig type Malaki leaves had the largest leaf area (291) cm², while the leaves of Saidawi Sagheer had the smallest leaf area (227.49) cm². The most studied fruits had the elongated shape as for the width to length ratio except two types Aswad and Khudairy which had spheric fruits. The fruits length ranged between (4.21-4.81) cm while the fruit width ranged between (3.76-4.46) cm the fruit weight was between (20.34-33.49) g. Cluster analysis divided the studied types into two main clusters, the first cluster combined (Malaki). while the second cluster combined the rest of the studied types.

Keywords: IPGRI, Fig, Ficus Carica L., Morphological Description; Quantity Characteristics.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Yahya Yosof ⁽¹⁾ and Mohammad Nizam ⁽¹⁾

(1). Researcher, Administration of Horticulture Research, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Yahya Yosof ,  Email: yahya.yosof@gmail.com ).

Received:   17/4/2024         Accepted:  26/6/2024

Abstract

The experiment was conducted during two years (2022-2023) on Nectarine trees (May crest cv.) in beet shofan-tartous-to study the impact of different concentrations of urea and humic foliar spray and their interaction on the improvement of vegetative growth. It was found that the combined application of urea fertilizer and humus gave the highest significant effect compared to the individual application in most of the indicators studied, as the treatment (urea fertilizer at a concentration of 2 g/l + Humic 2 g/l) was superior to the rest of the treatments in terms of the average diameter of modern plants ( 0.65 mm, the percentage of dry matter in the leaves (55.22%), the percentage of phosphorus (0.32)%, and the percentage of potassium (1.85)% alcohol in the leaves, and the treatment (urea fertilizer at a concentration of 3 g/L + Humic 2 g/L) was significantly superior in terms and of the percentage of alcohol chlorophyll and in Leaves: The yield reached (1.39)% from the (urea fertilizer) treatment at a concentration of 3 g/l + Humic 2 g/l in terms of productivity (35.72) kg/tree and yield (2232.5) kg/dunum.

Keywords: Nectarine, Foliar spray, Urea, Humic.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Noufal  El-Radwan⁽¹⁾, Ghassan Telly⁽²⁾ and Bayan Muzher ⁽³⁾

(1). Postgraduate/PhD student- the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR).

(2) Research- Professor, Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture engineering, Al-Baath University.

(3) Researcher at the Pome and Grapevine Division Sweida, GCSAR.

(Corresponding Author: Noufal  EL-Radwan, Email: noufalrrr111@gmail.com )

Received:   22/2/2024         Accepted:  25/5/2024

Abstract: 

The research was carried out at Al-Mukhtariyya Research Station in Homs governate, during the years 2020, 2021 and 2022 on the grape bushes, Var. local Helwani, to study the effect of two concentrations of each of plant extracts (garlic and onion 5-10 ml/l, licorice 2-4 g/l), and organic extracts (seaweed and bake yeast 2.5-5 g/l) in some productivity indicators and grape fruits quality. Spray treatments were applied at three dates, two weeks before flowering, one week after setting, and four weeks after the second date. The experiment was designed according to a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The grapevines were mixedly pruned in mid-February, with a total wintering load of 160 eyes/grapevine. The results showed a significant superiority for yeast suspension and seaweed extract Alga 600 at both concentrations, as the amount of productivity per grapevine reached (69.73 and 74.6 kg), fruits content of total soluble solids TSS% ranged between (17.38 and 17.98 %), and the total sugars (16.19 and 16.74 %), followed by the licorice extract 2 g/l (58.83 kg/grapevin) by significant differences compared to rest of the treatments. The lowest productivity of the grapevine was in the treatments of garlic extracts at both concentrations and onion extract 10 ml/l, it ranged between (33.60 and 38.51 kg). This productivity was lower than the control treatment (42.06 kg), which achieved the hiegest significant value for the titratable acids in fruits (0.391%). Therefore, it is recommended to spray a suspension of bake yeast (2.5 g/l) on the three dates. To obtain a production estimated at approximately (42.28 kg/grapevin), as an alternative to seaweed products available in the markets due to their low costs, ease of preparation, and the absence of significant differences in production.

Keywords: Helwani grape variety, (plant, organic) extracts, production, quality of fruits.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Nadine Ali^(1)* , Omer Zammar⁽²⁾ and   Mohammed Massri⁽²⁾

(1): Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, AL-Baath University, Homs. Syria.

(2): Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, AL-Baath University, Homs. Syria

(*Corresponding author: Nadine Ali. E-Mail: nadinehasanali@gmail.com).

Received:   9/3/2024           Accepted:  23/6/2024

Abstract: 

This research aimed to enhance the antioxidant properties of yoghurt by adding aqueous extract of broccoli due to the richness of this vegetable in antioxidants and other nutrients, while adding color as an attractive factor for consumers. Accordingly, this extract was added to the yoghurt according to three concentrations (10, 15, 20)%. The physical, chemical and microbial properties of the resulting yoghurt were studied during a storage period of 14 days at a temperature of 4 °C. The pH decreased and the titratable acidity increased in all samples fortified with the addition and significantly compared to the control yoghurt sample. The most significant effect was at a concentration of 20% of the addition. Also, the phenolic content of yoghurt increased and the antioxidant activity increased with increasing concentration of the additive compared to the control yoghurt sample. The physical properties of the product improved with the addition during the cold storage period, as whey separation decreased, and the viscosity of the samples increased significantly compared to the control yoghurt sample. The addition formed a suitable medium for the growth of starter bacteria, the number of which increased significantly in yoghurt samples enriched with the addition of aqueous broccoli extract, and the number continued to increase during the cold storage period until the fourteenth day.

Keywords: broccoli, phenolic compounds, antioxidants, yoghurt, physical properties.

 Full paper in Arabic: PDF