Alaa Mohamad Soubh * ⁽¹⁾, Ahmad Ahmad ⁽²⁾, and Mosab Abbod Ghanem⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technical Engineering, University of Tartous, Syria.

(3). Department of Machines and Equipments, Faculty of Technical Engineering, University of Tartous, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Alaa Mohamad Soubh. E-Mail: Alaasoubh@tartous-univ.edu.sy).

Received:21/4/2024                        Accepted: 11/7/2024

Abstract

Leachate landfills are defined as the aqueous effluent generated by rainwater percolation through wastes, biochemical processes in waste cells, and the inherent water content of wastes themselves. Leachates may contain large amounts of organic matter (biodegradable, but also refractory to biodegradation), They contain non-biodegradable organic matter and nitrogenous compounds. There are different methods for the treatment of composting leachate. Parameters dictating which method to choose include the leachate’s quantity and quality, required treatment amount, and economic issues. Therefore, posttreatment of composting leachate using ozonation was considered the main objective of this study. In the ozonation process, the amount of ozone for treating the leachate in optimum condition was determined to be 0.65 gr/h. In this process, a maximum color removal of 85% was attained after 60 minutes of ozonation at pH 9.

Keywords: Leachates, landfill, Ozone, Color removal.
 Full paper in English: PDF

Rana youness Hamdan*⁽¹⁾, Anton Sammaan Youssef⁽²⁾ and Ahmad Sammour Al-Ibrahim⁽³⁾

(1). Phd student, Department of Food engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Baath University

(2). Professor, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Baath University.

(3). Assistant Professor, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Baath University.

(Corresponding Author: Rana Hamdan, email: ranahamdan999@gmail.com, mob.: 0934591083)

Received:   17/2/2025         Accepted:  23/4/2025

Abstract

The effect of using ultraviolet rays to sterilize Lemon fruits, are studied in this research, and packaging them in aseptic conditions and storing them refrigerated, on the percentage of microbiological spoilage of the fruits and on the change in their chemical composition. For sterilization, ultraviolet rays were used in different times (1,5,10,15 min). For aseptic packaging, a locally manufactured device was used to carry out this work, and polyethylene bags were used to pack the fruits simultaneously with sterilization it. The results showed that using ultraviolet rays (power 30 W, wavelength 254 nm, for 10 min) gave positive results in terms of the possibility of using it according to this method for 6-month storage of Lemon. The fruits maintained good physical and chemical properties, with relatively minor changes in total sugars and acids, vitamin C, water content, and ethyl alcohol after 6 months of refrigerated storage. The fruits maintained their texture, as the texture value of the treated fruits reached 2.30 kg/cm², the color change (Chroma) was 46.79, the physiological spoilage rate was 1.5%, and the microbiological spoilage (fungi and yeasts) was 2%.

Key words: Lemon, Aseptic Ambience, Polyethelyne, Ultraviolet Radiation.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Hussam Baroudi*⁽¹⁾,  Atia Arab⁽¹⁾, Wael Mtwaj⁽¹⁾, Eiad Danoura⁽¹⁾, Safaa Sabouh⁽¹⁾, and Manal Saleh⁽¹⁾

(1). Researcher, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Latakia, Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: dr. Hussam Baroudi. Email: hussambaroudi@gmail.com).

Received:   11/5/2024         Accepted:  29/7/2024

Abstract: 

The research was carried out during the years 2022 and 2023 on 60 cultivated genotypes of three species of mulberry used in silkworm feeding (M. bombycis, M. indica, M. alba), in Latakia Governorate (Bouqa, Al-Hanadi, WadiQandil site) with the aim of characterizing these types. By relying on the morphological and chemical characteristics of the leaves, establishing their own taxonomic keys, and studying the genetic variations among them. Data on the leaves were collected in tables and used to calculate the degree of variation between the types, and a genetic dendrogram was created between them. The results showed clear differences between all the studied genotypes, whether belonging to the same geographical location or to the three locations. The results of the cluster analysis, based on the morphological and chemical specifications studied, showed that the studied types were distributed into two independent groups. The first group included the white and Japanese types of mulberries with a variance rate of 70%. It was observed that the white mulberry types were clustered within one group with a variance rate of 12%. The second group included the mulberry types of the Japanese species from Wadi Qandil with a variance of 20%, while under the third group it included the Japanese species from the Buqa site with a variance of 18%. As for all Indian type types, they were distributed in one group with a variation rate of 30%. The results obtained also demonstrate the importance of the morphological and chemical characteristics of the leaves in studying the genetic diversity among mulberry types designated for silkworm breeding and in creating a special database for them, to benefit from later in the processes of genetic improvement of mulberries.                                                                                                       

Keywords: Morus indica L., Morus bombycis L., Morus L., Genetic diversity, characterization.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Tawfiq Ali Nasser Al-Omari*⁽¹⁾, Abdulwahid Abdullah Saif⁽²⁾ and Ahmed Abdulhabib Malik⁽³⁾

(1). Regional Research Station for the Central Highlands, Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA), Dhamar, Republic of Yemen.

(*Corresponding author: Tawfiq Ali Nasser Al-Omari, email: alomretawfiq@gmail.com, Tel.: 00967773820632)

Received: 19/8/2025           Accepted:  9/12/2025

Abstract

To address agricultural production challenges and the need for adapted varieties, a long-term study was conducted at the Central Highlands Research Station in Dhamar, Yemen, to evaluate induced mutations in the naked barley variety “Buhuth 2002” over four generations (M2-M5) during the 2022-2025 cropping seasons. Radiation doses of 150 and 200 Gy of gamma rays (a cobalt-60 source) were used to induce genetic variations, with the aim of selecting mutants that combine early maturity and high yield. The results showed clear and consistent variability across generations. In the M5 generation, the mutants reached maturity 15 days earlier than the control, with the average number of days to maturity decreasing from 115 days (control) to 100 days (mutants), with highly significant differences. A significant increase in the number of lateral branches was also observed, with the average number increasing from 11.40 (control) to 15.60 (200 Gy dose), with a significant difference at (P < 0.05), a trait associated with increased grain yield. Despite the inhibitory effect of radiation on plant height, the overall results confirm the success of mutation breeding in generating beneficial genetic variations and provide a solid foundation for developing new and improved early-maturing barley varieties, contributing to enhanced food security and adaptation to climate change.

Keywords: Barley, Gamma rays, Mutation breeding, Early maturity, Yield components, Genetic variability.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mona Fathy El Saied El Boghdady^(1)*

(1). Agricultural Economics Research Center – Dokki – Arab Republic of Egypt.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.Mona Fathy El Saied El Boghdady dr.mona.elboghdady@gmail.com , Tel: 00201061686800).

Received  10/09 /2024                 Accepted  23/ 11/2024

Abstract: 

    Agricultural exports play a significant role in achieving national economic goals and are a major source of foreign exchange for the country. Therefore, there is growing interest in creating a better export climate that enables these exports to expand their reach into foreign markets, which can be achieved by increasing its competitiveness,which requires studying its competitive indicators to determine how to increase its share in foreign markets. The study shows that Egyptian tomato exports fluctuated between highs and lows during the study period, with the minimum exported quantity reaching approximately 1,745 tons in 2000, and the maximum was approximately 748,013 tons in 2013, reaching approximately 51,872 tons by the end of the period in 2022. The study also showed that the comparative advantage index for the tomato crop during the period (2010-2022) exceeded the correct average in all study years except for 2010 and 2011, which may be attributed to the challenges facing the Egyptian economy during that period. However, overall, the data confirm the existence of a comparative advantage for tomato exports to foreign markets. The average apparent comparative advantage index for tomato crops during the study period was approximately 1.6, indicating that this export crop is an important one that competes strongly in global markets, provided that export markets for this crop are maintained by meeting the required global market specifications and opening new markets to accommodate our exports in accordance with export standards.

Keywords: Tomato Crop, Clear relative advantage Agricultural Exports, Eygpt.
 Full paper in English: PDF

Mahmoud Ibrahim Al-Mohamed ^(1)*

(1). Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim Al-Mohamed. E-Mail:

Mahmoud.lb.Almohamed@gmail.com)

Received  29/05 /2024                 Accepted  29/ 07/2024

Abstract

the research was conducted at the Jeb Ramla cattle station on 82 Holstein Friesian cows, during the period from the beginning of 2022 to the beginning of 2024, with the aim of studying the effect of the length of the Dry Period Length on the amount of total milk production, the average of 305 days, daily milk production, and production during the first and second stages of lactation, aside from to the effect on the length of lactation, the Lactation curve for milk, and the continuity of production during subsequent lactation . Cows were classified according to dry periods into three categories, which were less than 45, 45-55, and more than 55 days. The data was analyzed using SPSS26 software. The results showed a highly significant effect of the length of the dry period on all milk production indicators studied. The Lactation curve was also affected by the Dry Period Length. Shortening the Dry Period Length led to a decrease in milk production quantities and continuity of production. Cows with a short dry period of less than 45 days reached peak production early, compared to cows with a period of 45-55 days that continued longer to maintain high production in subsequent lactation.

Key words: Dry Period, milk production, the Lactation curve for milk, cows.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahmoud Ibrahim Al-Mohamed ^(1)*

(1). Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim Al-Mohamed. E-Mail:

Mahmoud.lb.Almohamed@gmail.com)

Received  10/05 /2024                 Accepted  14/ 07/2024

Abstract: 

It is generally assumed that high levels of somatic cell count SCC reduce milk production and quality. However, the relationship between SCC and reproductive indicators in cows must also be taken into account. Therefore, this research was conducted at the Jeb Ramla Cattle Station and the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Aleppo on 46 Holstein Friesian cows. with the aim of studying the effect of the level of somatic cell counts on Services per conception, Estrus rate, Calving interval, Duration of pregnancy, and the weight of the calf at birth. The data was analyzed using the spss26 program. The results showed a highly significant effect of the level of somatic cell counts in the milk on Services per conception, Estrus rate, Calving interval, Duration of pregnancy, and the weight of the calf at birth. Cows with a low level of somatic cell counts had the best values for all indicators studied. There was also a negative and highly significant correlation between the level of somatic cell counts and the weight of the calf at birth, the duration of pregnancy, Estrus rate. while the correlation was positive and highly significant between the level of somatic cell counts and the Services per conception, Calving interval.

Key words: somatic cell counts, SCC, Services per conception, Estrus rate, Calving interval, Duration of pregnancy.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mohammad Al-Shehabi ^(1)*, Bassam Al-Oklah ⁽²⁾ , Hala Khaled ⁽³⁾ and Nour Haj Masoud ⁽²⁾

(1). Food Technology Department, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(2). Department of Food and Industrial Technologies, General Authority for Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria.

(3). Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Hama, Hama, Syria.

(*Correspondent: Dr. Muhammad Al-Shehabi: Email: mohamadalshehabi@yahoo.com).

Received: 14/02/2024               Accepted: 13/07/2024

Abstract: 

The current research aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of some fish species in Syria, taken from fish market in the city of Latakia in September 2022,  and this research included three fish species namely, bogue (Boops boops), mullet (Liza  aurata), and palmida (Engraulis sp.). The nutritional value study included determination of the percent of proteins, fats, and calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphor, iron, magnesium, zinc  and fatty acids composition focusing on polyunsaturated fatty acids especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), due to their importance in human nutrition, in addition of determination of moisture and ash. Results revealed that palmida showed the highest content of protein at 25.48%, and the lowest content in bogue at 22.13%; while the highest content of fat was recoded in bogue at 5.33%, and lowest fat content in palmida at 2.48%. The calcium contents were almost equal in all studied species, and ranged between 20.51 mg/100 g in bogue and 18.42 mg/100 g in palmida, and the highest contents of phosphor and iron were recorded in mullet at 625 and 3.40 mg/100 g, respectively, and the highest contents of sodium, magnesium and zinc were recorded in bogue at 92.51, 78.51 and 0.80 mg/100 g, respectively, while the highest content of potassium was recorded in palmida at 285.70 mg/100 g. The highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in bogue at 24.61%, and lowest content of PUSFA was recorded in palmida at 12.45%, and the highest content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in mullet at 32.82% and lowest content in palmida at 20.67%. The highest content of EPA was found in mullet at 4.48% and the lowest content was found in palmida at 3.52%, and the highest content of DHA was found in bogue at 13.22% followed by palmida at 11.34%, and finally mullet at 2.32%.

Keywords: chemical composition, EPA, DHA.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahmoud Ibrahim Al-Mohamed ^(1)*

(1). Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim Al-Mohamed. E-Mail:

Mahmoud.lb.Almohamed@gmail.com)

Received  29/05 /2024                 Accepted  1/ 08/2024

Abstract: 

This research was conducted in 2022/2023, at the Jeb Ramla cattle station and the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Aleppo on 82 Holstein Friesian cows, with the aim of studying the effect of the length of the dry period on the proportion and production of some milk components, moreover to the health status of the udder represented by the level of somatic cell counts, and the incidence of mastitis in the subsequent lactation. The data was analyzed using SPSS26 software. The results showed a highly significant effect of the length of the dry period on the level of somatic cell counts, the percentage of fat, and the amount of production of fat, protein, lactose, and non-fat solid matter in the subsequent lactation. Shortening the dry period also led to negative effects on the content of fat, the amount of fat production, and the level of somatic cell counts, and the health status of the udder. While the percentage of protein, lactose, and non-fat solid matter was not affected by the length of the drying period.

Key words: dry period, somatic cell counts, SSC, mastitis, milk components.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Abdel Qader Gomaa^(1)*, Hossam El-Din Khalasi⁽¹⁾ and Muhammad Nael Khattab⁽¹⁾      

(1). Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Syria.

(* Corresponding author: Abdel Qader Gomaa, E-mail aboalabd876@gmail.com).

Received: 15/02/2024               Accepted: 1/08/2024

Abstract

The research was carried out at Deir Hafer , Aleppo Governorate during the 2023 agricultural season, by planting three genotypes of Zea mays L. (Ghouta 1, Ghouta 82, and Basil 1) obtained General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, and treating them with spraying with different concentrations of the amino acid proline (0). 50, 100 and 150 mg/L and irrigation at a level of (50-100%) of field capacity according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replicates, with the aim of studying the effect of irrigation and spraying with proline and their interactions on some morphological and productive traits of hhese genotypes and determining the appropriate concentration of proline acid to reduce the effect of water stress to achieve the best productivity of Zea mays plants. The results showed that the concentration of 100 mg/L of the amino acid proline was superior compared to other concentrations used, and the irrigation treatment at a level of 100% compared to irrigation at a level of 50% of the field capacity in most of the traits studied. The response of the yellow maize crop of the three studied genotypes to spraying with high concentrations of proline (100%) and irrigation at 100% of field capacity.

Keywords: Zea mays, proline, field capacity, water stress.
 Full paper in Arabic: PDF