Amgad Farah^(1)* , Rama Aziz⁽¹⁾ and  OsamaAL Abdullah⁽²⁾

(1). Hort. Dep., Fac. Agri., Damascus Univ., Damascus, Syria.

(2). Horticultural Research Department, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Amgad Farah, E.mail Stevanamgad@gmail.com).             

Received: 26/01 / 2023        Accepted: 14 /03/ 2023

Abstract: 

The experiment was carried out in the centers of the General Comssion for Scientific Agricultural Research during two growing seasons (2022-2023), in order to study the effect of foliar spraying with licorice extract (GL1, GL2, GL3) 5, 10, 15 g/L, and gibberellin acid (GA1, GA2, GA3) 5, 10, 15 mg/L in addition to the control without spraying. lettuce spraying was done at the stage of formation of the true leaves of the plant (4-5), and at a rate of one spray every two weeks until the stage of completion of vegetative growth, the foliar spraying treatments contributed with licorice extract and acid Al-Gabrielin in improving the characteristics of vegetative growth and the specific and productive characteristics of lettuce, The design of the experiment was factorial, according to complete randomization, with three replications for one treatment.The results show that the treatment of foliar spraying with gibberellin acid GA3 at a concentration of 15 mg/L was significantly superior to all other treatments in field indicators, such as average plant height (33.13) cm, head circumference (54.28) cm, head weight (677.8) g,, and productivity (3000) kg/m2, and it also excelled significantly in qualitative traits such as the average percentage of humidy (93.49)%, the content of carotenoids (12.38) mg/L, and the content of chlorophyll A and B (0.530, 0.180) mg/L. L, followed by a significant superiority of the treatment of spraying with licorice extract GL3 over all other treatments and in all studied traits.While the control treatment, GG, gave the lowest value in all traits, and the site of Al-Taybeh in the countryside of Damascus was superior to the site of Khan Arnabeh in all studied field and laboratory indicators. The results confirm the importance of spraying plant extracts and using them as natural alternatives because they are free of chemicals and their harmful effect on human health and the environment, because the treatment of foliar spraying with licorice extract gave close results with gibberellin acid in the vegetative, quality and productivity indicators of lettuce.

Key words:  Gibberellin acid, licorice extract, lettuce, foliar spray.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mariam. Banna ⁽¹⁾ * and  Mohammed. Al-Azem ⁽¹⁾

(1). Dept. of Food Engineering Technologies, Faculty of Technical Engineering University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Mariam Banna, E-Mail mariambanna18@gmail.com)

Received: 14/11/2022         Accepted: 8/03/2023

Abstract: 

This study includes the production of grape and pomegranate vinegar with and without adding yeast and ratio with raw vinegar in surface way method in vitro and studying some of physiochemical properties of the vinegar (the percentage of substances, brix, density, ash, pH, reducing sugar, total phenols, and acetic acid). The results showed the superiority of the samples that were inflamed with yeast and water grafting with raw vinegar in all the specialties physicochemical contours for samples to which yeast or raw vinegar has not been pumped at a significant level. The percentage of acetic acid in grape vinegar was higher in G₂ and G₃ (6.19،10.98) % respectively. and higher in the percentage of total phenolic compound in G₂ and G₃ (324.53، 349.07) mg/l respectively. And about pomegranate vinegar, yeast had a clear effect on a decrease in reducing sugar in reached P₂ and P₃ (1.18،3.08) % respectively and thus a decrease in the value of pH reached P₂ and P₃ (2.8،2.63) respectively at a significant level and thus an increase of the percentage of acetic acid reached (7.51,4.91) % respectively.

Key words: grape vinegar, Pomegranate vinegar, surface method, Orleans, acetic acid.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Mosa Marhij *⁽¹⁾and Ibrahim Hamdan Saker ⁽¹⁾ and Fouad Ali Slman ⁽²⁾

(1).Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2).Department of Food  Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Mosa Marhij. E-Mail: mosa.marhig@tishreen.edu.sy)

Received: 23/10/2022                Accepted:24/01/2023

Abstract: 

The aim of the research is to calculate the marketing efficiency of strawberries in the protected and open cultivation systems in Lattakia Governorate, in addition to calculating the marketing costs, marketing margins, and the producer’s share of the consumer’s lira for the various marketing routes during the agricultural season 2020-2021. To achieve the objectives of the research, a questionnaire was designed and information collected. Of the sample studied by the method of personal interview by asking direct questions to a random sample consisting of 10 wholesalers in each market of Lattakia and Jableh, in addition to 5 retailers. The results showed an increase in the marketing costs of producers in protected and open cultivation, then at the level of the wholesaler and the retailer, respectively, while the retailer achieved the highest marketing efficiency, followed by the wholesalers, and the lowest marketing efficiency went to the producers, and the results also indicated a high marketing margin. Absolute and relative for wholesalers, as the producer’s share of the consumer’s pound was the highest, and the research recommended working to reduce losses from the strawberry crop, and moving towards industrialization to absorb the surplus quantities from production.

Keywords: Strawberry, marketing costs, marketing efficiency, marketing margin, Latakia

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Naji Qaesm A.M. Shaddad * ⁽¹⁾, Hossam El-Din Rushdi ⁽²⁾ , Emad Mahamoud Ayasrah ⁽³⁾ , Mohammed Ali  Alashwal  ⁽⁴⁾ and Ahmed Abdou  S, A, Alhdad ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Animal Production Nassr,s Faculty of Agriculture Sciences Aden University, Yemen.

(2). Department of Animal Production Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University, Egypt.

(3). Animal Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Jordan.

(4). Department of Animal Production Faculty of Agriculture Ibb University,

(*Corresponding author: Naji Qaesm Shaddad, E-Mail: nqas2006@gmail.com)

Received: 30/06/2023         Accepted: 7/11/2023

Abstract: 

This study was carried out on the Al-Wali commercial dairy cow farm affiliated with the Al-Wali Group for Development and Investment in the capital, Aden, south of Yemen, and the farm is about 5 km north of it.  From a herd consisting of foreign breeds of dairy cattle, 40 cows were selected (20) Friesian cows and (20) Ayrshire cows. The study animals were selected according to available reproductive records and distributed in the order of the five productive calving seasons, with equal and independent replicates, for both breeds.  The daily milk production was recorded in the year 2022 AD for the study cows, to evaluate the performance of some productivity traits of foreign breeds in southern Yemen, and their impact on the order of calving season and breed.  Among these studied characteristics are the daily milk production characteristic, the adjusted milk production (305 days), and the estimate of the fat percentage of the study cows.  A milk sample from (20) cows was tested randomly from the study animals for the two breeds and each breed of (10) cows, was distributed in equal and independent replicates in the order of the five calving seasons.  The fat percentage was evaluated in the laboratories of the Nasser College of Agricultural Sciences at the University of Aden.  The study data were analyzed using (SAS2004) and (XL.STAT 2021) programs, adopting a completely randomized design (CRD) in analyzing the trial data. The (LSD) test was also used to determine the significant differences between the means.  The results of the study that were obtained were: The general average of the studied characteristics of daily milk production, modified milk production (305 days), and fat percentage for each of the foreign breeds of Friesian and Ayrshire dairy cattle was (10 kg), (7960 kg) and (3.8%), respectively, and the effect was  The order of the productive calving season and the effect of breed, with a highly significant effect (P≤ 0.01) on all the characteristics studied. We conclude from this study that the characteristics of daily milk production and modified milk production (305 days) have an inverse relationship with fat percentage, and that Ayrshire dairy cattle are better than Friesian cattle. The percentage of fat reached (4.12%), due to the genetic makeup of the Ayrshire breed being distinguished by its fat production, and also the reason for the decrease in the amount of milk production of the breed per milking. We recommend using the Ayrshire breed for milk production if the goal of the dairy cattle breeding program is to produce milk and its derivatives and achieve an increase in economic value.  The added profitability of the process of manufacturing dairy and its derivatives, due to the high percentage of fat in the milk of this breed. However, if the goal is to increase milk production, we recommend breeding the Friesian cattle breed, due to its high daily milk production.

Keywords: Evaluation. For traits, Milk production.  Breeds.  Dairy cattle.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Abdulghani Alkhaldi^(1)*and  Monier Alnabhan ⁽²⁾

(1). Cotton Research Administration, Aleppo, Syria.    

(2). Center Hama for Agriculture scientific Research, Hama, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr.Abdulghani Alkhaldi. E-Mail: andulgh64@gmail.com)

Received: 6/09/2022           Accepted: 7/12/2022

Abstract: 

This study is the first on the response of Aleppo 124 Variety to different planting dates, where the research aimed to study the response of some productive and morphological characteristics of Aleppo 124 variety to different planting dates. The experiment was carried out in 2020 and 2021 at the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Hama of the General Authority for Scientific Agricultural Research, which is located 4 km south and 316 m above sea level, which is characterized by an annual precipitation rate of 338 mm/year. The experiment was designed according to a random block design, and the results were analyzed according to the Genstat 12 statistical program. The result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significant level of 5%, showed that there were high significant differences in the yield of the beloved cotton of the variety Aleppo 124 between the studied planting dates, where the planting date (14-19 of May) outperformed (3812 kg/h) in productivity over The productivity of the subsequent planting dates. It was found that a week’s delay from this date led to a decrease in productivity that ranged between 650 and 850 kg/ha. There was also a significant superiority for plant height, number of fruiting branches and chlorophyll number, higher and middle of the plant over the other later dates. It is possible to extend the planting date of Aleppo 124 variety until the first third of May in Hama. 

Key words: Gossypium hirsutum L.,  Aleppo 124 variety, planting date.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Laila Alloush⁽¹⁾*, Sabah AL-Maghribi⁽¹⁾ and Basima Barhom⁽²⁾

(1). Plant Protection Department. Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattkia, Syria.

(2). Researcher. Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Laila Alloush, E-Mail: engineerlaela@gmail.com).

Received:21/09/2022          Accepted: 16/01/2023

Abstract: 

This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of some cultivars of winter chickpea (Ghab1, Ghab2, Ghab3, Ghab4, Ghab5), and the spring (Al-Bayyadi and Al-Marrakchi) and inputs chickpea (FLIP03-118, FLIP03-142, FLIP05-44, FLIP95-67) to Infection with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris under field conditions in Al-Ghab in 2021 and 2022; According to two scales of degree of resistance (infection rate, disease severity DII%). The results showed that all cultivars and inputs were resistant to high resistance (according to the two scales) at the flowering period during the two years. The resistance decreased at the maturity period, all inputs were medium resistance in 2021, and ranged between resistance to high resistance in 2022. AL-Bayyadi and AL-Marrakchi were sensitive to medium sensitivity in 2021 and resistant in 2022 (according to the two scales). Ghab1, Ghab2, and Ghab3 were sensitive to medium sensitivity, while Ghab4 and Ghab5 were medium resistance in 2021. Ghab2 remained resistant to high resistance while Ghab1 and Ghab3 were medium resistance, Ghab4 and Ghab5 were resistant in 2022, according to the two scales. FLIP03-118, FLIP03-142, FLIP05-44, Ghab4, Ghab5 and Al-Bayyadh gave high productivity during the planting seasons 2021 and 2022.

Keywords: Chickpea, Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, resistance, cultivars, AL-Ghab.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Kamel Khalil * ⁽¹⁾ Maher Dais ⁽²⁾ and Basel Fares ⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Environmental Prevention, Higher Institute for Environmental Research, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria .

(*Corresponding author: Dr. kamel Khalil, Email: d.kamelkhalil@tishreen.edu.sy).

Received:7/01/2023            Accepted: 15/02/2023

Abstract: 

This study aimed to estimate the concentration of heavy metals: lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in the surface soils (0-20 cm). For nine sites from (St1) to (St9) in Baniyas. The results showed that the order of elemental concentrations (general average) in ppm was as follows: [Fe (3479.66) > Mn (577.06) > Zn (69.32) > Pb (30.69) > Ni (28.20) > Cu (25.49) > Cd. (0.55)]. And that the concentrations of (Pb, Cd, and Mn) exceeded the normal values (27-0.4-488 ppm), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to identify sources (natural or anthropogenic) contributing to the contamination of the studied area with heavy metals. The results showed that the sources of )Pb, Cd, Ni) are industrial constructions and transportation while the elements (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) are associated with agricultural areas and light traffic in general. The results also showed the importance of the role of pH and organic matter (OM) in explaining the presence and concentration of heavy metals.

Key words: Soil pollution – Heavy metals – Principal Component Analysis (PCA) – Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) – Baniyas city.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Lubna AL­-Bashi *⁽¹⁾, Tamim AL-Assi, Saleh AL-Moustafa⁽¹⁾, and Abdulmnem AL- hamid⁽¹⁾

(1). Der- ALzoor, GCSAR, Syria.  

(*Corresponding author: Lubna AL­-Bashi, E-Mail lubnabashshe@ gmail.com).

Received:24/10/2022          Accepted: 20/01/2023

Abstract: 

This experiment was carried out in Deir Ezzor Syrian city – Seaalo Research Station – The General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research(GCSAR) to determine the influence on some soil characteristics and yield of triticale crop Tertiary upon irrigation with different salinity irrigation water.  Randomized-complete- block design consisting of three treatments and three replicates (fresh, salt, alternate) over cropping season(2018-2019). The results showed a significant decrease in yield with increasing the salinity of irrigation water where the biological yield (13.26,11.59, 11.29) tons/hectare respectively, and the grain yield (4.17, 3.48, 3.17) tons/hectare respectively. Irrigation with fresh water( I1)  (Ec=1.12 dS/m) leached a part of salt from the soil profile which (Ec) of 1:5 soil extraction reaches to Ec=0.47 dS/m, Salts accumulation in the soil was greater for the high salinity irrigating water treatment ( I₂) (Ec=19.61 dS/m) which increased the  (Ec) of soil extraction  1:5  to 8.05 dS/m, while a small amount of salt accumulation in the soil upon alternate irrigation ( I₃) (Ec= dS/m) which increased the  (Ec) of  soil extraction 5:1  of the soil to 2.15 dS/m.

Keywords: alternating irrigation, salt water, triticale, biological yield, grain yield, Ec .

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Jamil Abbas  ⁽¹⁾, Kamel Khalil* ⁽²⁾ and Lubna Badour ⁽²⁾

(1).Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2).Department of Environmental Prevention, Higher Institute for Environmental Research, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. kamel Khalil, Email: d.kamelkhalil@tishreen.edu.sy).

Received:28/09/2022          Accepted: 2/02/2023

Abstract: 

The Slunfeh Basin is one of the most important sub-basins of the Coast Basin due to its economic, tourism and environmental importance. This research was conducted in the Slunfeh Basin during the period 2018-2020. The results showed that the hydrographic network was distinguished by its large ramifications, which divided the basin into two streams, each of them from the fourth order to the Al Kabeer Al Shamali River. Annual and monthly precipitation (P) fluctuated from year to year and (P) increased with height at a rate of 0.55 mm/m. The results also showed that the surface runoff (Q) is proportional to (P), so that the (Q) ratio was about 30% of the (P). The real evapotranspiration (ETR) changed from year to year and from month to month and was closely related to (P) and temperature, so that the (ETR) ratio amounted to 43.5% of (P) and there is a decrease in the value of (ETR) coefficient with the Height at 0.05. The average annual storage (R) ratio was 26.5% of (P), as the average value for 24 hydrological years for the total (R) is 363.02 mm. The results of this study contribute to the preparation of dams to store water to form lakes (water harvesting) that contribute to the development of natural resources in general and eco-tourism in particular, which contributes to the economic and social development of the studied basin area.

Keywords: Slanfeh basin, Precipitation (P), Run-off (Q), Evaptranspiration real (ETR), Storage (R), Water Harvesting.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Ammar Abbas⁽¹⁾, Ghonwa Khaddour⁽¹⁾, Ammar Askariam⁽¹⁾ and Nisrin deeb.⁽¹⁾

(1) .GCSAR. Center of Latakia, Stria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ammar Abbas, Email: ammarabbas1984@hotmail.com ).

Received:16/11/2022                    Accepted: 11/01/2023

Abstract: 

The research was conducted based on the daily climatic data for Al-Basel Airport Station in Lattakia province during the period 2000-2016.incauding (maximum and minimum temperatures, average relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and evaporation values ​​from Class A pan) in order to calculate the values ​​of reference evapotranspiration ET₀ using ET₀ Calculator Model based on the modified Penman-Monteith equation (FAO n65) and comparison between the model values ​​and the field-based calculation methods (evaporation from Class A pan) and empirical equations (Hargreaves and Evanov equations). The results indicated the accuracy of the ET₀ Calculator model, where the correlation coefficient between the model values ​​and the Pan method evaporation values ​​was (0.99), and the correlation coefficient between the model values ​​and the experimental equations values ​​was (0.6).

Key words: Evapotranspiration, Evaporation pan, Model, Correlation Coefficient ET₀ Calculator

Full paper in Arabic: pdf