Bayan Aqeel^(1)*, Mahmoud Baghdadi⁽¹⁾ , Ahmed Qattaa⁽¹⁾

(1).  Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Syria

(*Corresponding author: Bayan Aqeel, E.mail: bayanakil095@gmail.com, 0992282023)

Received:8/09/2024                         Accepted:15/11/2024

Abstract: 

The research aimed to study the effect of foliar spraying using organic materials (marine algae extract, ascorbic acid). In the false lemon balm plant, in terms of the type of substance, its concentration in vegetative growth, and the content of chlorophyll and essential oil in the leaves. The research was carried out in the garden of the Horticulture Department at the University of Aleppo during the 2022 season, and foliar spraying was carried out with the following treatments: control (with normal water), seaweed extract (1, 2, 3 ml/L), pure ascorbic acid at a concentration of (50, 100, 150 ppm), the treatments were carried out at three different times. The readings showed the following: The use of seaweed extract at a concentration of (3 ml/L) led to a significant increase in plant height, which reached (86.33 cm), a significant increase in the number of leaves (132.33), and a significant increase in the number of floral growths (16), while the highest percentage of essential oil was obtained when using ascorbic acid at a concentration of (150 ppm) compared to the rest of the treatments, as the percentage of essential oil reached 1.47%)

Keywords: lemon balm, Seaweed extract,, ascorbic acid, vegetative growth, essential oil.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Dina Farouk Enany*⁽¹⁾, Amany  Mahmoud Elhosseni⁽¹⁾ and  Taher M. Saied Kadah⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Research and Regional Studies, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, (ARC), Egypt.

(2). Central Laboratory of Residue analyses of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food (QCAP), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt.

(*Corresponding author: Dina Farouk Enany, E.mail:dr.dinatahsin@:gmail.com, 00201015838339)

Received:23/07/2024                         Accepted:4/11/2024

Abstract: 

Foreign trade plays an important role in the Egyptian national economy, as it contributes to financing economic development plans, thereby increasing Egypt’s national income. This necessitates studying the possibility of introducing agricultural crops to promising markets, including the BRICS countries, to benefit from the advantages of joining this bloc. The research problem is reflected in the weakness of Egyptian agricultural exports to BRICS countries, which amounted to about $366.20 million, representing around 12.71% of Egypt’s total agricultural exports to the world. This calls for opening new markets in the BRICS countries, enhancing them, and addressing all the obstacles hindering trade between them. The research aimed to study the indicators of efficiency and competitiveness of foreign agricultural trade between Egypt and the BRICS countries in general, and Russia in particular. Most of Egypt’s agricultural exports are concentrated in Russia, without equal distribution among the other countries. Exports to Russia account for approximately 46% of Egypt’s total agricultural exports to the BRICS bloc. Egypt’s share of orange and potato exports to Russia is about 56.26% and 99.78%, respectively, of Egypt’s total exports of these crops to the BRICS countries, as an average for the period (2016-2023). This indicates that most of Egypt’s agricultural exports are concentrated in these two crops, without diversification across different agricultural groups. Therefore, efforts should be made to distribute these exports across the BRICS countries to reduce the risks of monopoly and control by importing markets over Egyptian agricultural crops and goods. Moreover, Egypt’s agricultural imports from Russia are significantly high, with the share of grain imports (wheat and maize) from Russia reaching 42.18%. The relative agricultural trade balance index stood at (-74.58%), indicating Egypt’s heavy reliance on grain imports from Russia.

Keywords: BRICS, Russia, oranges, potatoes, competitiveness, SWOT model.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Hadeel kouzy^(1)*  and Omer Zammar⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Food  Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, AL-Baath University, Homs. Syria.

(2). Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, AL-Baath University, Homs. Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Hadeel Kouzy. E-Mail: hadeel.kouzy@gmail.com)

 Mobile number: 0938315603 )

Received: 5/08/2024                                     Accepted:4/11/2024

Abstract: 

This research was conducted in the Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Al-Baath University in 2023. The aim of this research was to enhance the nutritional value of cheese by adding spirulina algae powder due to its richness in proteins, antioxidants and various minerals, and to enhance the color as a factor to attract consumers. Spirulina is a rich source of chlorophyll pigments, and accordingly, spirulina powder was added to soft cheese at three concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5)%. Then, the physical, chemical and sensory properties of the resulting cheese were studied during storage for 14 days at a temperature of 4°C. The results showed that the content of the samples of total solid matter, ash, protein and fat increased with increasing the concentration of the addition, especially at the highest concentration (1.5)%, while the carbohydrate content of the samples decreased insignificantly with increasing concentration of the addition. The pH increased and the acidity decreased significantly in all samples fortified with spirulina powder compared to the control cheese sample. The antioxidant activity also increased with increasing powder concentration compared to the control sample. In addition, the results of the physical analysis showed that the hardness values ​​increased significantly with increasing the concentration of the additive and also with increasing the storage period until the fourteenth day of refrigerated storage, which affected the general acceptance of the cheese samples. The value of the a* index decreased significantly with increasing the concentration of spirulina in the cheese samples, while the water activity decreased with increasing the concentration of the additive, which led to a reduction in microbial activity.

Keywords: cheese, Spirulina, antioxidants, phenolic compounds, physical properties.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Atheer A. Al-Mutury^*(1) Sabah M.H. Al-Shatty⁽¹⁾  Asaad R. Al-Hilphy⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding Author: Atheer A. Al-Mutury, e-mail: atheerengineer85@gmail.com).

Received:  8/08/2024                    Accepted:  21/10/2024

Abstract: 

The current study aimed to investigate the quality of local and imported canned meat and fish products, microbial and chemically. Twelve’s samples of imported and local canned fish and meat were examined. The chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, ash), qualitative and microbial characteristics of canned meat and fish were estimated. The results showed that the highest and lowest percentage of components were (74.32, 51.43, 23.65, 17.53, 21.54, 3.72, 3.86, 1.50) %, respectively. As for the chemical indicators of quality (pH, peroxide value, acid number, free fatty acid percentage, thiobarbituric acid value, total volatile nitrogen), the highest and lowest value reached (6.55, 5.51) (1.6, 0.24) milliequivalents/kg fish or meat (0.50, 0.08) mg KOH/100 gm oil (0.04, 0.25%) (0.71, 0.22) mg Malonaldehyde/kg fish or meat (18.4, 8.4) mg nitrogen/100 gm fish or meat, respectively. While the bacterial indicators of quality (the total bacterial count, the coliform bacteria count, the obligatory anaerobic bacteria that form spores, and the sulfur-producing bacteria count), were within the required specifications and there was no bacterial growth in them. The results of the study revealed the possibility of eating and consuming canned food without fear, despite the long period since its production. The locally sterilized canned Talang queen fish and beef samples were better quality in a bacterial and chemical properties, as well as being free of preservatives.

Keywords: chemical composition, canned meat and fish, microbial quality, chemical indicators.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Batoul Ramadan^(1)*, Antoun  Youseef⁽¹⁾ and Ramadan Atraa⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Baath University, Homs, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Batoul Ramadan, E.mail: batoulramadan612@gmail.com,  phone: 0946191638).

Received: 26/09/2024                              Accepted:15/11/2024

Abstract: 

This study investigates the frozen storage of Kashkaval cheese curd, prepared in the laboratory using three different starter ratios (1%, 1.5%, 2%). Two types of packaging materials were utilized: 100-micron transparent, light-permeable polyethylene bags, and polyethylene bags with an aluminum layer that is impermeable to light. The curd was stored at -10°C and -18°C in specialized freezers without forced air circulation in the laboratories of the Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering/Department of Food Engineering. The findings indicate that the curd can be effectively stored by freezing for up to six months. Significant changes in the chemical composition, particularly in pH value, free fatty acids, and water content, were observed with the most pronounced changes occurring at -10°C. The starter ratio had an effect on the pH and fat values ​​during storage period.

Keywords: Curd, Freezing, Polyethylene, Kashkav.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Tahani Kousa^(1)* , Rashid Kharbotl1⁽¹⁾ and Abd el-Aziz Boessa⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University.

(2). Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University,  Lattakia.

(*Corresponding author: Tahani Kousa.E-Mail:tahanikousa@gmail.com).

Received: 27/07/2024               Accepted:24/10/2024

Abstract: 

This study was carried out in the village of Kassab in Lattakia Governorate on the apple trees of the (Golden delicious) variety during the two growing seasons (2021-2022) to find out the effect of foliar spraying with some nutrients on some physical and chemical specifications of apple fruits of the Golden delicious, the experiment included nine treatments, where spraying with boron, potassium and seaweed extract was carried out individually or in combination with each other,  The spraying process with these materials led to a significant superiority of the studied transactions compared to the control, where the average weight of the fruit increased and gave (180.00) g in the treatment (B+K) While in the witness it was (150.50) g, as for the size of the fruits, the highest volume was recorded in (B+K) (180.83) cm3 and the lowest value in the witness (146.67) cm3. Foliar spraying with these substances also led to an increase in the percentage of total sugars, the highest value was in (B+K+SW) (15.67)%, while the control (13.30)% was also observed, and a decrease in acidity was also observed in (B+K+SW) (0.42)% compared to the control (0.66)%. An increase in the productivity of trees was also observed, where the highest value was recorded in the treatment of (K+B+SW), which is (3926.80) kg/dunum, and the lowest was in the treatment of the witness (2750.00) kg/dunum.

Keywords: : apples, golden delicious, foliar spraying, potassium, boron, seaweedextracts.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Tharwat  Redwan^(*1)  and Mazen Nassour ⁽²⁾

(1). Scientific Research Center of Lattakia, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria

 (*Corresponding author: Tharwat  Redwan. E-Mail: tharwat.redwan@yahoo.com  – 0988929143)

Received:10/07/2024              Accepted:8/10/2024

Abstract: 

The research aimed to evaluate the most important productive and phenological characteristics of R. damascena, and R. centifolia. Cultivated in Lattakia conditions at two different altitudes (650 and 10000m) during 2020-2022. The results showed a variation in the productive and phenological characteristics between the phenotypes of the two species on the one hand and the two sites of the experiment on the other hand. The best results were in site B (1000) m, which gave the highest value for the average plant production and the number of flowers on the plant (66.4), and the average plant productivity (366.06) g/plant. It also achieved the highest value for the flowers content of essential oil. As for the phenotypes as R. centifolia was superior to the average flower weight (12)g and average productivity of (407.5) g/plant, but it contained the least number of flowers and the lowest percentage of essential oil. The results of the qualitative analysis of the essential oil resulting from the two studied species showed that it contained good proportions of many important compounds (Nerol, Geraniol, , Linalool, Tetracanol, Nondecane) and  R. centifolia is superior in its essential oil content to the Nerol compound compared to R. damascena. The results of the study of phenological phases showed a delay in the phenological phases of the studied phenotypes with increasing altitude above sea level.                                                                                        

Key words:  Rosa Damascena, Rosa centifolia. Productivity , Essential Oil, Lattakia.Phenological phases.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Dima  khrmashow^(1)*

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dima khrmashow  E-Mail: khrmashowdima@gmail.com

Received: 27/07/2024                   Accepted: 14/10/2024

Abstract: 

  The research was carried out in Latakia – the village of Dbiqa during the 2021 growing season, with the aim of studying the effect of foliar spraying of cucumber plants with the growth regulator naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on flower growth characteristics. Three concentrations of NAA (150, 100, 50( ppm were used also with control without spraying, and the experiment was designed according to Randomized complete block design, with three replicates per treatment.  The results showed a positive effect of spraying with NAA, as all concentrations used were superior to the control plants. The treatment led to an increase in the total number of flowers and the number of female flowers, in addition to a reduction in the number of male flowers, which contributed to increasing the sex ratio. Spraying with a concentration of NAA of 150 ppm was preferable, as shown. Spraying with a concentration of 150 ppm of NAA has a distinctive role in reducing the number of nodes that precede the first female flower, in addition to its effective effect in increasing the percentage of female flowers and the percentage of stagnant flowers on the plant.

Keywords: Cucumber, Naphthalene Acetic Acid, NAA, Flower growth.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Rama Mansour^(1)*

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Rama Mansour. E-mial: rama1mansour1990@gmail.com)

Received: 13/06/2024                  Accepted: 14/10/2024

Abstract: 

 The research was studied of Al- Hennadi, – Lattakia, in the spring season of 2020, where The effect of foliar spray with cycocel, Salicylic acid, and Silicon on Potato morpholigicall characteristics, grown and prodactivity under conditions of irrigation water salinity (6 ds). /m). The research concluded 14 treatments : 1-control , 2- Salicylic Acid 25 ppm, 3- Salicylic Acid 50 ppm , 4- Cycocyl 400 ppm ,  5- Cycocyl 600 ppm,  6- Silicon 100 ppm , 7- Silicon 200 ppm, 8-Salt water, 9 –Salt water+ Salicylic Acid 25 ppm , 10- Salt water+ Salicylic Acid 50 ppm, 11-Salt water+ Cycocyl 400 ppm  , 12- Salt water+ Cycocyl 600 ppm, 13- Salt water+ Silicon 100 ppm, 14- Salt water+ Silicon 200 ppm. The results showed that foliar spray with Si and SA, improved growth in, plant height, shoot number , leaf number, leaf area/ plant (cm²)and leaf area index, and fruit growth in terms of number and weight of tubers and productivity, when plants were irrigated with normal or saline water. The results showed as well that CCC treatment reduced plant height, and increased shoot number when plant were  irrigated with normal water, but, when the plants were irrigated with saline water, CCC treatment increased leaf number, leaf area/ plant (cm²), leaf area index, shoot number, and fruitful growth in terms of number and weight of tubers and prodactivity. The results indicated that SA, CCC, and Si could alleviate the harmful effect of salinity, with preference of Si200 which was more effective.

Key words: Salinity, Silicon, Salicylic acid,  Cycocel, Potato.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf

Kholod  Abbas ^(1)* , Georges Makhoul⁽¹⁾ , Faisal  Dway⁽¹⁾ and Mohammad Naddaf ⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Food Science – Faculty of Agriculture – Tishreen University  Lattakia – Syria.

(*corresponding author : kholod abbas. Email: kholod.abbas7@gmail.com)

Received:6/08/2024                                               Accepted:27/11/2024

Abstract: 

The experiment was carried out during three seasons (2020,2021,2022) on Al- khudairi olive trees,30 years old in Rwayst al-hersh village in Lattakia. The aim of research is to study the effect of irrigation and organic fertilization on the production and quality of fruits of Al- khudairi olive trees. Two levels of organic fertilizer 5 and 7 kg\ tree, were added in November, and irrigation water was used three times at a fixed irrigation water rate at 800 liters\ tree\irrigation. A completely randomized design was adopted. The experiment included 12 treatments and each treatment had 3 replications. The results were analyzed using Genestat 12 program by calculating the least significant difference level of 5%. The results showed that the  T12 treatment (7 kg\tree organic fertilizer+ 3 irrigations) was superior to the three- year average in the amount of production of 45.54 kg\tree, with an increase rate of 88.18 % over the control , and in the average weight of the fruit 3.32 g and the average weight of the pulp of 2.7g, an incease of 45,94% over the control. Also, all the treatment that received one or two or tree irrigations wewe superior in average pulp to kernel ratio to all treatments that didn’t receive irrigation. Also, (T8, T12) were superior in average fruit size (3.1 ,3) cm³with significant differences. The size of the kernel and the percentage of purification also followed the same trend as the size of the fruit , as treatment (T12, T8) (0.486,0.48) cm³  and(2.997,2.99)%  consecutirely out performed the rest treatment.

Keywords: olive , organic fertilizer , irrigation , production.

Full paper in Arabic: pdf