Mohammad Hassaan^*(1) Ahmad Elfaki⁽²⁾ MMubarak Abdallah⁽²⁾ AlSadek Mohammed⁽³⁾ and Mohammad Yousif⁽⁴⁾

(1). Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.

(2). Department of Physics, Sudan University of Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

(3). Department of Sciences, College of Education, University of Shendi, Shendi, Sudan.

(4). Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Gezira, Wad madani, Sudan.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammad Hassaan. E-Mail:mohm3012@gmail.com).

Received: 13/05/2020                               Accepted: 02/07/2020

Abstract

The contamination of poultry products with some heavy elements (metals) such as (lead, manganese and chromium) is considered to be of great risk to human health. Therefore, this study was conducted on 23 random samples of poultry products (meat, bones, necks and liver) in which used the X-ray Fluorescence technique to measure the ratio of heavy elements which was characterized by a high ability to measure the concentration of elements, and the results showed that all samples were contaminated with heavy elements, and the percentage of lead concentration in meat and bones was found as (0.007% and 0.005%), respectively; in addition, the lead percentage in some samples exceeded quality control. The results also showed that the average percentage of concentration of manganese in bone, meat and liver were (0.043%, 0.008% and 0.007%), respectively, the concentration of manganese in all samples was within the limits of quality control, the average concentrations of chromium in the bone, meat, liver and necks was (0.033%, 0.035%, 0.050% and 0.035%), respectively, the concentration of chromium in the liver and meat and also in some bone and necks samples exceeded quality control critical ranges.

Key words: Heavy, Poultry products, X-ray Fluorescence.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mohammed M. Yassen^*(1) Salwa  J.  Fakhir⁽¹⁾ Ola S. Qasim⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Soil and Water Resources, Agriculture College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammed M. Yassen. E-Mail: mohammedmalik875@gmail.com).

Received: 05/07/2020                               Accepted: 02/08/2020

Abstract

Heavy minerals are hazard pollution on environment. It comes from different sources to be thrown in the environmental system. The adsorption process is a new technology for treatment heavy metals in waste water. In this study the minerals as Attoplgite and Zeolite and Iraqi clay mineral compared in their removal of pollution metals from aqueous system. Attoplgite, Zeolite and Iraqi clay were tested in adsorption of Zinc, Cadmium, Nickel and Manganase elements of different pH values viz. 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 of aqueous solutions. The results showed the increase in mineral adsorption with pH increase. Also the minerals were tested in elements adsorption at different weights: 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 gm at pH=6 and diameter 75µm. The results of this experiment showed that maximum adsorption happed with mineral weight increases. Iraqi clay mineral was carrying out maximum removing percentage which reached 9.81, 90.21, 83.11 and 59.02% for heavy metals, Znic, Cadmium, Nickel and Manganese respectively, comparison to Attoplgite and Zeolite. Also the three clay minerals were tested for elements adsorption at different particles diameters viz. 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µm. The results showed that the adsorption quantity decreased as the diameter increased, and for that the removal percentage increased also with particles diameter decreases. The clay minerals took the following order: Iraqi clay mineral > Attoplgite mineral < Zeolite mineral for the heavy metals percentage increases.

Keywords: Clay minerals, Heavy metals, Adsorption, Aqueous solutions.

Full paper in English: PDF

Marwan Alhaj Houssein^*(1)

(1). Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Marwan Alhaj Houssein. E-Mail: marwanhaj1958@yahoo.com).

Received: 11/05/2020                               Accepted: 09/06/2020

Abstract

The present experimental work was carried out at the Irrigation and Drainage Research Laboratory, Rural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo. Box model was designed in this study to compare the measured flow with calculated one of absorbent wells. The results  showed that the use of Darcy permeability coefficient in Dupuit equation is inappropriate, in which the calculated flow was less than the measured flow by 24.0 to 29.3%. Therefore, the variations of the permeability coefficient were studied according to the movement of water towards the wells by tracing the level of ground water in the observing tubes and piezometers. The results confirmed that the permeability values resulting from the exudation distance are more consistent with theoretical studies comparing with results that depended on the water level in the well. However, the permeability value for the case of the water level in the well Kber1 ranged from 0.015 to 0.018 cm/min, whereas the permeability value based on the distance of the exudation in the locations far from the axis of the well Kber2 was 0.029 cm/min approximately, but in a near location, it was 0.047 cm/min. The study also showed that there was a good agreement between the measured flow and calculated one, therefore the results obtained in the present study can be relied upon to estimate the flow of absorbing wells for such soils.

Key words: Agricultural drainage, Ground water level, Ddrainage wells, Permeability.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Bachar Aldakil^*(1)

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Bachar Aldakil. E-Mail: bashardakhel6@gmail.com).

Received: 11/12/2019                               Accepted: 13/01/2020

Abstract

This research aimed to study several isolates of pathogenic fungi causing root rot phenomenon on wheat and barley. Six fungal isolates of Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Helmenthosporium, were used in this study. These isolates were treated with four chemical fungal disinfectants, in addition to fungus Trichoderma harzianum. The laboratory experiment was achieved with incubation the isolates within petri dishes at a temperature of 22 ± 2 °C. The diameters of fungal colonies above the culture medium were measured daily for a period of six days. The pot experiments were achieved on durum wheat (Bohooth 5) and barley (Tadmor) which were known with their sensitivity to the infection. The germinated seeds were treated with the fungal disinfectants and then they were planted in the pots within the incubator. After the formation of the two first leaves, the experimental pots were subjected to the natural environmental conditions. The pots were watered and fertilized as needed. Concerning the laboratory dishes within the incubator, the results of statistical analyses clarified that the treatment with fungicide Vetavax and the fungus T. harzianum were more performed. While, concerning the pot exterminates, the results showed that Vitavax was more effective in the reduction of the infection rates for both wheat and barley. Although the beneficial fungus T. harzianum had a limited efficacy, its efficacy was high in controlling the isolate R1 of the pathogen Rhizoctonia. The obtained results lead to investigate the causes of the limited efficacy of Trichoderma in the pot experiments.

Keywords: Root rot, Fungal disinfectants, Wheat, Barley.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Amina Abdul-Hamied Saad⁽¹⁾ and Zahra Ibrahim El-Gali^*(1)

(1). Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Libya.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Zahra Ibrahim El-Gali. E-Mail: Zahra.Ibrahim@omu.edu.ly).

Received: 22/06/2020                               Accepted: 18/07/2020

Abstract

The study was conducted In Vitro during 2018-2019 at Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, and aimed to evaluate the antagonistic effect local isolate of Trichoderma harizianum against four pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclertiorum). Results showed that T. harzianum isolate had good significant ability to inhibit the studied diseases fungi directly or indirectly.  Maximum rate of inhibition was 75.6%, and the highest degree of inhibition according 4 in Sookchaoy scale against M. phaseolina. The results of the microscopic examination showed the growth of the anti-fungus hyphae in parallel with the pathogenic hyphae and spirally wrapped around it, causing contraction and degradation them. Direct interaction between bio-control agent and the pathogens causing different diameters in halos lysis of pathogens, also, volatile and non-volatile substances that released by T. harzianum was recorded varying degrees of inhibition in all fungi,  Finally, the bio-control agent produced antifungal compound that can inhibit the growth of all fungi 100%.

Keywords: Antagonism , Trichoderma harzianum, Phytopathogenic fungi.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Saif saadallah Hassan⁽¹⁾ and Abdullah Abdulkrim Hassan^*(1) 

(1). Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Abdullah Abdulkrim Hassan. Email: drabdullah.has67@tu.edu.iq).

Received: 02/05/2019                               Accepted: 01/10/2019

Abstract

A laboratory studies were conducted during 2018/2019 season at Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tikrit. The study investigated the bio-synthesis of the nanoparticles of an edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus A2019 using four fractions including fungus filtrate, biomass, hot extract and cold extract of the biomass. The results of the laboratory study indicated that the formation of silver nanoparticles from the Pleurotus eryngii,_by detecting the chromatic heterogeneity of these four fractions from yellow to brown, and recorded the highest absorption peaks (using the spectrophotometer) of the silver nanoparticles of all fractions within wavelengths ranged from 350 to 475 nm . All concentrations and fractions of prepared Ag nanoparticles showed the highest inhibition growth against pathogenic fungus P. aphanidermatum in comparison to control. The highest inhibition of linear growth was recorded at a concentration of 1.5 mM in the fungus filtrate treatment as it reached 0.66 mm, while the effect of concentration of 0.5 mM in the hot extract treatment of the biomass recorded the lowest inhibition linear growth 0.15 mm with significant differences between them. While the filtrate treatment showed significant superiority with the other treatments and it reached 0.42 mm compared to the other transactions, where the treatments of the cold and hot aqueous extract and biomass recorded 0.36, 0.16, 0.24 mm respectively.

Key words: Silver nanoparticles, Pleurotus spp, Pythum sp, Wheat seedlings.

Full paper in English: PDF

Mai Moaalla^*(1) Ahmad Ahmad⁽²⁾ Omar Hammoudi⁽³⁾ and Imad Daoud Ismaeil⁽³⁾

(1). Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(2). Agriculture Research Center in Tartous, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(3). Agriculture Research Center in Latakia, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Mai Moaalla. E-Mail: maimoalla92@gmail.com).

Received: 28/11/2019                               Accepted: 31/12/2019

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bacterial strain Bacillus  subtillis FZB27 to induce systemic resistance against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in pepper plants using three kinds of applications (seeds, irrigation and seeds + irrigation). The study was carried out at the Scientific Agriculture Research Center in Tartus using randomized complete blocks design. Pepper seeds were submerged for 12 hours in suspension of Bacillus  subtillis FZB27 with a concentration of 9×10⁹ colony/ml formation unit. After one week after planting the seedlings were irrigated with 20 ml which was the same concentration suspension of Bacillus subtillis FZB27, then one week after transplanting, the plants were inoculated with C MV. The results showed that, there was a significant reducing in disease incidence of infected treated plants (50.72-57.16)% compared to the infected control (93.33)%, and the highest reduction was in (seeds+irrigation) application. There was also a significant reducing in disease severity of infected treated plants (48.2-60.17)% compared to the infected control (83.66)%, and the highest reduction was in (seeds+irrigation) application, with no significant differences among the treatment methods. The treatment with Bactria improved peroxidase enzyme activity, and consequently, there was significant increase in infected treated plants which ranged between (4.4-6.4) nmol compared to the infected control (2.5) nmol. The higher activity was with (seeds+irrigation) application. There was also significant increase in uninfected treated plants which ranged between (4.76-7.41) nmol compared to the healthy control (2.10) nmol. The higher activity was with (seeds+irrigation) application.

Key words: Induce systemic resistance, Cucumber mosaic virus, Bacillus  subtillis FZB27, Pepper plants.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ahmed J. M.  AL-Shammary^(¹) Hikmat  K. Jassem^(¹) Haithim A. Saeid^*(¹) and  Ahmed S. Sajit^(¹)

(1). Integrated Pest Control Center, Directorate of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Science and Technology. Baghdad, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author : Dr. Ahmed  Saeid. E-Mail: ahmedalshammary90@yahoo.com)

Received: 17/03/2020                               Accepted: 12/06/2020

Abstract

The perception of advantages of honey bee Apis mellifera to humans is the important reason to keep searching in this field, this study has led to finding out some effects of the use of gingerextract with feeding bees on some biological aspects of queen bees Apis mellifera which artificially fertilized. The results showed that the use of gingerextract, especially treatment T6 (1 volume of feeding mixture number 1 + 1 volume of feeding mixture number 3). It was noticed  a significant increase in the total area of honey, brood and pollen collection which reached  8072, 12180 and 9617 square inch respectively, besides increasing of productive age of queen bees which artificially fertilized reached 138.3 days .

Key words: Ginger, Queen bees, Artificial fertilization, Productive age.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Amal A. Mahmood^*(1) Luma J. Al Anber⁽²⁾ and Amal M. Eassa⁽³⁾

(1). Department of Marine Nutural Science, Marine Science College, Iraq.

(2). Department of Marine Chemistry, Marine Science Center, Iraq.

(3). Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Amal A. Mahmood. E-Mail: aamalachmed63@gmail.com).

Received: 25/05/2020                               Accepted: 21/06/2020

Abstract

Conocarpus erectus, Ziziphus jujube, Phoenix dactylifera L., Tamarix aphylla and Albizia lebbeck were chosen in four different areas of Basrah (southern Iraq) and for different times during 2015 to test their tolerance to air pollution, leaves used to estimate the physiological evidence which showed that the low and highest values in December and May respectively, pH values were ​​4.55-8.67 in Albizia lebbeck and Tamarix aphylla respectively, and values of ascorbic acid 0.08-10.33 mg/g in Ziziphus jujube and Albizia lebbeck respectively, content aqueous leaves were 55.96-98.76% in Albizia lebbeck and Ziziphus jujube respectively, total chlorophyll recorded were 0.01-0.13 mg/g in Phoenix dactylifera and Albizia lebbeck respectively, while the lowest and highest values of air pollution index were (6.42-14.18) in Albizia lebbeck during December and May straight as well. The rise in temperature had a role in raising the sensitivity of plants to air pollutants, and the data showed the variance of values, which is due to the variation of air pollution.

Key words: pH, Ascorbic acid, Relative water, Chlorophyll, Air pollution.

Full paper in English: PDF

Ilene Mahfoud^*(1)

(1). Forestry and Ecology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Illene Mahfoud. E-Mail: mahfoudilene@gmail.com).

Received: 05/05/2020                               Accepted: 26/06/2020

Abstract

This study aimed to estimate the forest sector losses in the north of Lattakia Governorate, as a result of terrorist attacks during the Syrian crisis, that started in March 2011. Three aerial photographs were used with spatial resolution ranged between 30 cm and 50 cm, for the years 2011, 2014 and 2016. The visual interpretation technique was applied to identify the forest types in studied sites. The results showed that the forests occupied about 5022 ha, 12708 ha and 4387 ha in Qastal Maaf, Rabia, and Ain Eido, respectively in 2011. These superficies decreased to 2581 ha, 3568 ha and 1010 ha respectively in 2016. The fires that occurred during the crisis period devoured about 5439 ha in 2014, and about 16077 ha in 2016, in addition to the forests that were slightly affected by the fires, which reached 4476 ha in 2016. In terms of the remaining forests and degraded forestry areas, which represents the main forestry areas in Lattakia in particular and in general in Syria, attained only 21427 hectares, or 51% of what was in 2011, before the crisis.

Keys words: Lattakia Forestry, Fires, Aerial photographs, Visual interpretation.

Full paper in English: PDF