Amal  Ebrahim  Dayoub^*(1)

(1). Department of Environmental Protection, Higher Institute for Environmental Research, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Amal Ebrahim Dayoub. E-mail: aamaldd@yahoo.com).

Received: 08/07/2020                               Accepted: 03/09/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted for the first time at Syrian coast, by the aim of investigating the fauna of monogenean helminthes of economically important marine fish/ Genus Diplodus sp., breed in Al-Sinn fish farm, and their dynamics between natural and cultured environments. The study showed that fish samples (18 fish) of the genus Diplodus caught from Al-Sinn fish farm, belong taxonomically to two species: Diplodus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758), and Diplodus cervinus cervinus (Lowe, 1838). The results of the microscopic examination of wet smears taken from fish gills of Diplodus vulgaris, and Diplodus cervinus cervinu, showed the presence of a single species of monogenean helminthes belongs to genus lamellodiscus sp. (L.). L. elegans infected the gills of Diplodus vulgaris with a prevalence rate of 88.88%. The results of this study confirmed the interference of the parasites community in the natural marine environment and in the cultured environment. The Lamellodiscus elegans is one of the pre-recorded species on the gills of Diplodus vulgaris in the Syrian coast. The fingerlings of the fish that are raised were obtained from marine environment, not artificial hatcheries which could explain this interference between the two environments.

Key words: Lamellodiscus elegans (Monogenea), Diplodus sp., Al-Sinn fish farm, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Khalid William M. Farnar^*(1)

(1). Department of Marine Vertebrate, Marine Science Center, University of Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Khalid William M. Farnar. E-Mail: khaled_msc62@yahoo.com).

Received: 16/07/2020                               Accepted: 11/08/2020

Abstract

Sardines fishes (Sardinella longiceps) were brought from the Iraqi regional marine waters, Basra, during March and April 2019, to study the natural food selectivity using Manly`s ά index to determine the natural food selectivity, and food ingredients percentage, besides fullness index. Fish samples were transported to the laboratory using a container of cork after adding crushed ice to reduce food losing during transporting, where the average of total length was 16.2, 17.7 cm and the weight average valued 26.586 and 29.934 grams during March and April respectively. The results showed that the stomach fullness index attained 55 and 85% of all samples and fullness index reached 40.39 and 62.77 during March and April respectively. The percentages of nutritional components inside the stomach were as follow: animal`s remains 36%, crustacean`s remains 27%, fish`s residues 12%, phytoplankton and diatoms 17% and other digested materials 8% during March, while in  April the values were as follow: zooplankton 33%, crustacean`s remains 18%, fish`s residues 10%, phytoplankton and diatoms 28% and other digested materials  11%. The results showed that the food of the fishes from an animal`s origin was the prevailing food in the stomachs with an average of 0.25363, 0.21035 and 0.19804 of zooplankton, fish`s residues and crustacean`s remains from the total food during the study respectively .

Keywords: Sardines fishes, Food selectivity, Crustacean`s remains, Marine waters, Iraq.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Bashir Alboshi^*(1)

(1). Poultry Nutrition, Hama University, Hama, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: E-mail: Bashir-alboshi@hotmail.com).

Received: 29/06/2020                               Accepted: 25/08/2020

Abstract

A digestibility experiment was carried out using 45 unsexed chicks of a commercial broiler breed (Ross 308) which were taken from a hatchery nearby an experiment farm. Breeding started in 23/9/2017, to estimate metabolisable energy values of diets that feeding to chicks in first week of its life. Chicks were collected without need to complete operation of hatching to ensure chicks to be hatched at the same time. Chicks were placed in special cages that meet their purpose, to determine the amount of feed and chicks manure resulting from each studied group. Chicks were distributed into three groups, and each group divided into 3 sub-groups, where each sub group contains 5 chicks. Chicks were fed different diets as follows: Chicks of 1^st group were given broiler diet directly after hatching (control group). Chicks of 2^nd group were given broiler diet contain 5% glycerin directly after hatching and chicks of 3^rd group were given broiler diet contain 5% corn starch directly after hatching. Groups were fed (Ad-libitum) until the end of the experiment at the age of 7 days. The results showed that adding glycerin 5% in broiler diets increased apparently metabolisable energy and true metabolisable energy in this diet with significant differences (P≤0.05) compare with control group and cornstarch group. The results showed also that adding cornstarch had no significant differences (P≤0.05) compared with control group. The results showed no significant differences in average live weight of all groups studied at the end of first week.

Key words: Broiler chicks, Early nutrition, Metabolisable energy, Glycerin, Cornstarch.

Full Paper in Arabic: PDF

Samawal S.A.Al-Tikriti*⁽¹⁾ and Zaid, H. A. Dakhil⁽¹⁾

(1). Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tikrit University. Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Samawal_1976@yahoo.com).

Received: 01/07/2020                               Accepted: 10/08/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted at quail farm, Department of Animal Production, Collage of Agriculture, Tikrit University during the period from 2/10/2019 to 7/1/2020, where the experiment of selecting the level of hemoglobin in the blood was conducted, as blood samples were taken from birds at the age of 14 days after which it was divided into three groups: control group with average hemoglobin level (11.33-11.67) gm/100 ml blood, group with high hemoglobin level (above 11.67) gm/100 ml blood, and group with low hemoglobin level (less than 11.33) gm/100 ml of blood, and each group was divided into 4 replicates, and in each replicate 12 birds, which was distributed in a sexual ratio (1:3) one male for every three females. The results showed significant differences in body weight at the age of four and five weeks, body weight at the end of production, feed consumption rate and the efficiency of food conversion between the three treatments. There were significant differences in favor of treatment of genotype with a low hemoglobin level for number of eggs produced and egg mass compared to the other two treatments, while the significance was not presented with regard of average age at sexual maturity, weight of the first egg and average egg weight. The differences were also significant in fertility rate of high and low hemoglobin level treatments compared to the control.

Key words: Japanese quail, Hemoglobin, Egg production traits, Fertility ratio, Hatching ratio.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Khalid William Farner⁽¹⁾ Qusai Hamid Al-Hamadany^*(1) and Amir Abbas⁽¹⁾

(1). Marine Vertebrates, Marine Science Center, Uni. of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Qusay Hamid Al-Hamadany. E-Mail: qusayhamid@yahoo.com).

Received: 30/07/2020                               Accepted: 27/09/2020

Abstract

Samples of artificial fish diets was brought from three selected private fish farms as a selected stations that were marked as A, B and C, to represent the stations in the south, central and north of Basra, respectively. Storage and stores  conditions were studied and microbial content lesson to the samples from the fish diets  after 20, 40 and 60 days of storage, using isolation and diagnosis of colonies using scientific sources, and the bacterial counting method. Microscopic colonies of microbial growths were identified. The results showed the presence of fungal and bacterial growths in all diets. Also, the results of examination, isolation, and diagnosis showed the presence of the following types of organisms that included each of the fungal colonies: Penecilum sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus falvus, and Mucor sp.). The identified bacteria were: Staphylococus epidermis, Bacillus sp., Strptococus sp., and Diplococci sp.). Their difference in proportions depended on the sample source and the time period of storage, and at a total count rate for the colonies during the study period of the bacterial colonies were Staphylococus sp. (14), Bacillus sp. (16), Strptococus sp. (14), Diplococci sp. (12), the innate Penecillium sp. (23), Aspergillus niger (26), Aspergillus falvus (25), Mucor sp. (25) for station A, and for bacterial colonies Staphylococus sp. (22), Bacillus sp. (19), Strptococus sp. (17), Diplococci sp. (17), the fungal Penecillium sp. (30), Aspergillus niger (32), Aspergillus falvus (28), Mucor sp. (24) for station B, and for bacterial colonies Staphylococus sp. (31), Bacillus sp. (27), Strptococus sp. (22), Diplococci sp. (25), the innate Penecillium sp. (33), Aspergillus niger (37), Aspergillus falvus (36), Mucor sp. (29) for station C, with a clear increase with increasing and worsening of storage period and  using the older diets feed. According to that, the result showed that the percentage of microbial growth was the highest at station C compared to stations B and A.

Key words: Microbial growth, Fish diet, Bacterial colonies, Fungal colonies, Storage method, Storage conditions.

Full paper in English: PDF

Ahmad Issa Suliman^*(1) Mahmoud Moustafa Alio⁽¹⁾ Walid Ahmad Alrahmoun⁽²⁾ and Ali Hasan Nisafi⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria. Email: Ahmadelmariache@gmail.com

(2). Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

Received: 26/03/2019                               Accepted: 07/05/2019

Abstract

The aim of this research was to obtain the best balanced feed mixture of locally available fodder, to meet the needs of the broiler type chicken, at the lowest possible cost. The nonlinear programming method, which is based on the optimization methodology, has been used mainly in finding solutions through MATLAB program, in order to build and develop a computer program for the formulation of optimal fodder mix, which respects the scientific principles in all economic and nutritional aspects, to obtain the best growth rate and productive performance of the first stage (1 to 3 weeks). The study showed that the best fodder mixture was the following: (yellow corn, 48% soybean meal, wheat bran, di calcium phosphate,  salt, limestone and premix), which were respectively in kg (531, 337, 98, 16, 4, 10 and 0.8), at a total cost estimated at 154,400 Syrian pounds per ton, according to the February prices of 2019. While the cost of this mix in the market was 180,000 Syrian pounds per ton, this meant saving 25600 Syrian pounds per ton. The results of the study indicated the importance of following the scientific methods in the formulation of balanced feed mixes, which comply with health and environmental conditions, and the need to expand the use of modeling methods (optimization) for the formulation of economic feed mixes, and the management of available resources in the best way.

Key words: Poultry feed formulation, Balanced feed formulas, Optimization, Nonlinear programming.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Alawi Ali^*(1) Ibrahim Hamdan Saqr⁽¹⁾ Mohamed Mahmoud⁽²⁾ and Ali Khaddam⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(2). Department of Economics and Planning, Faculty of Economics, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Alawi Ali. E-Mail: alaweeali2@gmail.com).

Received: 13/03/2019                               Accepted: 29/05/2019

Abstract

This research contributes to draw a predictive image by looking at the future of barley cultivation in Syria. Therefore, it has an important agricultural policy applications for area and production appropriate for agricultural production planning and crop rotation. It aimed to analyze the area and production of barley depending on five years in order to predict their changes during the period 2019-2025. The research was carried out using the descriptive-analytical approach and the standard quantitative analysis method using box-jenkins method to analyze the time series of production and area of barley within the years 1986-2018. The results showed that the area cultivated with barley crops will increase gradually at an annual growth rate by (2.3) (annual growth rate)  in the upcoming years (2019-2025) with a confidence level 95%, using ARIMA model (0,0,1). The results indicated that the goal of increasing production in the 11^th Five-Years Agricultural Plan was not achieved. The production average of irrigated and rainfed areas reached 904.1 thousand tons, which was below the targeted of 1553 thousand tons. The production average of irrigated and rainfed areas declined during the period (2016-2018) by (-1.8%) and (-20.4%), respectively. The total barley production in Syria will increase at a very low growth rate estimated to 0.3% (annual growth rate) in the upcoming years (2019-2025) with a confidence level 95%, using ARIMA model(1,0,1).    

Key words:  Barley, Five-years agricultural plans, Production, Area.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Louay Mohamad⁽¹⁾ Fayez Al-Mokdad⁽²⁾  Eyad Al-Khaled⁽¹⁾ and Nedal Darwesh⁽³⁾

(1). General Organization of Remote Sensing (GORS), Damascus, Syria.

(2). Socio-economic Studies Research Administration, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria.

(3). Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Syria.

(*Corresponding: Eng. Louay Mohamad. E-Mail: louaymhd80@gmail.com).

Received: 02/05/2019                               Accepted: 01/10/2019

Abstract

The research was carried out to study the development of the area and production of potato crop in Tartous governorate during the period from 1990 to 2018 and the most important components of the production process for this cultivation, by analyzing a time series that includes production, area, yield and costs related to this crop, and it was used to analyze this series the Stability Sequential Test, Dicky Fuller Test and Unit Root Test) using EVIEWS software. The results of the study showed that there were significant differences between the areas planted with potatoes, production and the cost of production before and after the crisis.

Key words: Economic efficiency, Production function, Mathematical modeling, Autocorrelation function, Dickie Fuller test, Potato, Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Azhar Ibrahim Shukur*⁽¹⁾ Sumyia Khalaf Badawi⁽¹⁾ and Tariq Zaid Ibrahim⁽¹⁾

(1). Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul. Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Azhar Ibrahim Shukur. E-Mail: azharibrahim333@gmail.com).

Received: 12/05/2020                               Accepted: 11/08/2020

Abstract

The study was carried out at College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul in 2018 and 2019. The study included milk fortification with vegetable oils rich in omega 3, where its sources from flax oil and omega 6 which its sources from sesame oil, and mixing ratios between them (1: 5). The milk fortification ratios were (0, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5). Three treatments were made from milk fortified with omega oils, one by adding yoghurt starter bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, and the second treatment by adding lactobacillus acidophilus and the third treatment by adding Bifidobacterium bifidum ferments .The chemical and physical properties were studied during the storage period 1-14 days on a temperature of 5 ±2 °C. The results showed a significant decrease in cholesterol values ​​in a manner that is directly proportional to the ratios of consolidation and storage period. Significant in viscosity, by increasing the fortification with the mixture of omega oils, and by increasing the storage period and all yoghurt treatments, the percentage of water retention capacity increased by increasing the fortification, since the treatment of fermented Bifidobacterium bifidum significantly increased, and by a support rate of 3.5% over the rest of the treatments. While the moral significant rise in the whey exudation with the advance of storage and the low rate of replacement, as the treatment of the highest yogurt was clearer.

Key words: Probiotic bacteria, Omega oils, Fortified yoghurt, Cholesterol, Whey exudation.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Iftikhar Khalaf Abbas Aga^*(1)

(1). Faculty of Agriculture, AlFurat University, Deir Ezzor, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Iftikhar Khalaf Abbas Aga. E-Mail: iftekharabbas55555@gmail.com).

Received: 15/11/2019                               Accepted: 27/01/2020

Abstract

A laboratory experiment was carried out at the laboratories of Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Al-Furat University, during the growing season of 2016/2017 according to the randomized complete block design, in order to study the effect of different seed  seeds sizes on some growth traits, and productivity of the dry matter of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) var. (Izraa-7). The experiment included three sizes of the seeds viz. (3.0-3.5) mm (small), (3.6-4.0) mm (medium) and large (4.0) mm, besides three seed treatments; the control treatment which was (T1) and represented the dry seeds, (T2) where seeds were soaked with distilled water for (10) hours and (T3) where seeds were soaked with potassium chloride with a concentration of (4) g/L for (12) hours, with four replicates per treatment. The results showed the superiority of the treatment (T3) in the initial and final germination percentages, length of radical (cm), length of epicotyls (cm), dry weight of the seedling (mg), (74.0)% (84.8)% (11.79) cm (13.3) (cm) and (14.8) mg, respectively. Also the treatment of seeds with the larger seed size (4.0) mm outperformed the other treatments in the same previous indicators; initial germination percentage, and the final and the length of radical (cm), the length of epicotyls (cm), dry weight of the seedling (mg) as follow (71.03)%, (84.8)%, (11.0)%, (12.73) cm and (15.8) mg respectively. In terms of the interaction between the two factors, the treatment (T3) with the largest seed size (4.0) mm, outperformed the other treatments in initial and final germination percentages, length of radical (cm), length of epicotyls (cm) dry weight of the seedling (mg), as follow (77.4%), (88.2)%, (11.7) cm and (18.5) mg, respectively.

Key words: Growthstimulations, Germination, Sorghum, Growth traits.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF