Dhufr Gheni Omar⁽¹⁾ Othman Kalid AL-Mafargy^*(1) and Hussien Aziz Mohammed⁽²⁾

(1). Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design. College of Agriculture. Diyala University . Iraq

(2). Department of Soil Science and Water Resources .College of Agriculture. Diyala University. Iraq

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Othman Kalid AL-Mafargy. E-Mail: Othmanalwan@uodiyala.edu.iq).

Received: 13/05/2020                               Accepted: 23/06/2020

Abstract

The experiment was conducted at a field of Horticulture and Landscaping Department, Gardening Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Diyala, during the autumn season of 2018/2019, to study the effect of spraying with zinc and salicylic acid on the total concentration of chlorophyll, concentration of ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, fruit weight and the percentage of water in the leaves of cherry tomato (cv. BATLLE) in order to understand some physiological effects of adding zinc and salicylic acid. The experiment was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Zinc element was sprayed in the form of chelated Zinc in three levels viz. 0, 50, and 100 mg/L, which were symbolized  by Zn0 , Zn50 and Zn100 respectively. Salicylic acid was sprayed in four levels viz. 0, 50, 100, and 150  mg/L, which were symbolized by SA0, SA50, SA100 and SA150 respectively. The results showed that spraying the plant with high levels of salicylic acid  SA150 resulted in a significant increase in all the characteristics under study. The results showed that increasing the concentration salicylic acid from (0) mg/L to (150) mg/L increased the concentration of chlorophyll in the leaves, ascorbic acid and total soluble solids in fruits, fruit weight and the percentage of water in the leaves by 41.93 %, 3.95%, 53.86%, 108.49% and  5.94%  respectively. The  Zn100 treatment had significantly the highest concentration of chlorophyll in the leaves, ascorbic  acid and total soluble solids in the fruit  and  fruit weight. The treatment (Zn100+SA150) had significantly higher values than other interactions for all the characteristics under study except the percentage of water in the leaves, where the interaction (Zn0+SA50) surpassed the other treatments significantly.

Key words: Cherry tomato, Salicylic acid, Chelated zinc, Total soluble solid,  Concentration of ascorbic acid.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ola Tawfeek Al-Halabi*⁽¹⁾ Bayan Mohammed Muzher⁽¹⁾ Samer Ghaleb Abou Hamdan⁽¹⁾ and Saoud Sarboukh⁽²⁾

(1). Pome and Grapevine Division, Agriculture Scientific Research Center in Sweida, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(2). Hoot Research Station, Agriculture Scientific Research Center in Sweida, GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Ola Tawfeek Al-Halabi. E-Mail: ola_halabi@msn.com).

Received: 12/01/2019                               Accepted: 10/04/2019

Abstract

This investigation was achieved during 2013-2015 at Pome and Grapevine Division and Hoot Station in Al Swieda to study the response of apple rootstock Sukary Alswieda seedling produced by stoolbed to deficit irrigation by applying three levels of water: 100% (control), 75% and 50% of water requirement. Growth dynamic, aerial vegetative and root system characters, root deepness in soil and the wet and dry weight of plant parts were studied for this rootstock under studied water levels. The results showed that Sukary Alswieda rootstock had different growth behaviors depending on the level of water, in addition to shorten plant length at the levels of 50% and 75 % (95.5 cm and 118 cm respectively), on the other hand, the length and deepness of its root in comparison with the control treatment. The levels 50% and 75% distinguished with high number of fine roots (1mm diameter) which were 90 and 87 roots respectively, while it was 73 regarding the control. As well as, the accumulation of dry mater increased in roots at the levels 50% and 75%, and decreased in stem and leaves, these results indicated the response of the studied rootstock to the deficit irrigation conditions, and although of shorten plant length at 75% level, but the seedlings length was in the acceptable range for producing seedlings, consequently, the ability of applying deficit irrigation and benefiting from the efficient use of available irrigation water when producing the grafted seedlings from this rootstock, however, it had a good root system.

Key words: Apple rootstock, Stool bed, Deficit irrigation.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ali Deeb⁽¹⁾ and Ammar Nbeaa*⁽¹⁾

(1). Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University,latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Ammar Nbeaa. E-Mail: ammar.nbeaa1991@gmail.com).

Received: 15/02/2019                               Accepted: 12/04/2019

Abstract

The study was carried out during 2017 and 2018 at Setkhiris village which belongs to the countryside of Latakia Governorate in citrus orchard containing (55) orange trees of Washington navel at the age of 15 years old and grafted on citrus Aurantium as root stock, to study the relationship between the distribution of the quarterly growth cycles on the productive surface and the quality of the fruits. The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment with four experimental plots distributed on the four sides of the orchard (each side is considered as a plot) and (3) trees in each plot. Each tree represented one replication. The experiment includes two factors; the change in height and the quarterly growth cycles (Spring, summer and autumn). The results showed that autumn growth cycle in the third layer of the crown exceeded TSS (12.1%), total sugar content (10.23%) and fruit content of vitamin C (49.26 mg/100 ml Jiuce), while total acidity decreased according to the height of the fruit on the crown.

Key words: Citrus, Washington navel, Growth cycles, Crown layers.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Qasim Jasim Athafua^*(1)

(1). Department of Biology, College of Education-Qurna, University of Basrah, Iraq.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Qasim Jasim Athafua. E-Mail: www.qassem. jassem@ gmail.com).

Received: 30/03/2020                               Accepted: 23/07/2020

Abstract

The study was conducted at a private field north of Basra Governorate during the growing season 2019 with objective of exploring the effect of three seaweed extracts (Agazone, Agrosign and Alagen) at a concentration of 1ml per liter and three application methods (soaking seeds, spraying plants and soaking seeds +spraying) on growth, flowering and yield of Okra. The results indicated that soaking seeds+ spraying the plants gave the highest values of vegetative and flowering growth characteristics compared to the other methods. Also, the results showed that Alagen extract gave the highest values in plant height, number of leaves and the percentage of flowering .Whereas the highest values resulted in leaf area, number of branches, number of flowers and total fruit weight of plant were resulted from the use of the Agrosign extract. The interaction between both factors was  significant on vegetative growth and yield  characteristics.

Key words: Agazone extract, Agrosign extract, Alagen extract, Okra.  

Full paper in Arabic: PDF 

Mazen Ali Nassour^*(1)

(1). Department of Horticulture, faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mazen Nassour. E-Mail: mazen.nassour@gmail.com). 

Received: 18/02/2019                               Accepted: 15/04/2019

Abstract

The aim of this research was to study the influence of foliar spray with different concentrations of benzyl adenine on growth and flowering of stock (Matthiola incana, v. Canneto White). The experiment was carried out at nursery and laboratories of Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University during season 2017/2018, and included five treatments of foliar spray of BA: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm, with three replicates (30 plants for each replicate). The results showed a positive effect of BA, especially with the highest concentration, on the development vegetative parameters (plant height, leaves number, leaves area and chlorophyll content). In other hand, the best flowering parameters (flowering initiation, spike length, number of flowers on spike, and flower diameter) were obtained with 100 ppm concentration (80.1 day, 30.1 cm, 32.5 flowers\spike, 3.5 cm respectively). Growth regulator treatment had significantly economic income compared to the control, especially with 100 ppm concentration of  BA.

Key words: Stock (Matthiola incana), Benzyl adenine, Growth and flowering traits.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Maher AlAbrash^*(1) Yahia Kamari⁽²⁾ and Mahmoud Khudour⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo. Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Aleppo Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Maher AlAbrash. E-Mail: almaher99a@gmail.com). 

Received: 16/10/2019                               Accepted: 30/11/2019

Abstract

The research was carried out in Homs governorate using ornamental hawthorn (Pyracantha coccinea) seeds to study the effect of several factors (fruit color, date of planting, imbedding, GA3) on germination. The seeds were collected from two kinds of fruits (red and orange) and planted in two different dates (autumn and spring) after being treated with cold imbibed for (30 and 60) days and with different concentrations of GA3 (200, 400 and 600) PPM for five hours, in addition to the control. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the germination criteria studied between the fruit color (orange and red), while the spring date exceeded the autumn date in the germination percentage, which reached (27.5 – 19.4 %) respectively. The results also showed that all treatments exceeded the control, where germination rate was (0%), while treatment with GA3 (400) PPM and cold imbibed for 60 days gave the highest germination rate (35.8-57.5 %) respectively. As for the combined effect of the studied factors, the treatment that exceeded the other factors was 400 PPM of GA3, and the seeds that were taken from orange fruits in the spring time where the germination rate reached ((70%.

Keywords: Ornamental hawthorn, Seed propagation, GA3, Imbedding, Planting date.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mohammed Jalal AlKhaleel^*(1) Walid Mansou⁽¹⁾ Yahya Kamari⁽²⁾ and Nowras AlAbras⁽³⁾

(1). Renewable Natural Resources and Environment Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

(2). Research Center of Aleppo, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Damascus, Syria.

(3). General Organization of Biotechnology, Ministry of Higher Education, Damascus, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Mohammed Jalal AlKhaleel. E-Mail: mustabshr@gmail.com).

Received: 01/05/2019                               Accepted: 15/04/2019

Abstract

This study was aimed to determine the effect of the water extract of the mistletoe plant on seeds germination of its two main hosts (Amygdalus communis and A. orientalis), and to evaluate the continuous effect of the extract on seedling growth which emergence from treated seeds. Completely randomized design was used with three replications. The treatments were the control besides the treated ones with mistletoe’s leaves extract with a ratio of 50 g ground dried leaves/L). The mistletoe leaves were collected from Al Kalamoun and Sweida sites from parasitic plants on several hosts during spring of 2018. The normal and oriental almonds which were collected from Al Kalamoun site during 2017 season were used. The study was conducted at the laboratories of the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering in Aleppo University and the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Aleppo. The results showed that the treated seeds with mistletoe extract affected negatively the percentage of germination of both normal and oriental almonds (73.3 and 20.0%), as compared to the control (90 and 53.3%) respectively. Also, the effect of the mistletoe extract was negative on the average of the vegetative area of the plants, where it was decreased in the oriental almonds by 26% and by 16.2% in the normal almonds. The average growth rate of the normal almond plant was faster than that of the oriental almonds in length and leaf area. Therefore, the highest effect of mistletoes on the normal almond seedlings was observed on the vegetative length (19%). While the highest effect of mistletoe extract on oriental almonds was observed on the leaf area (26%). The effect of mistletoe extract was higher on wet weight of the seedlings than that of the dry matter weight, while, the dry matter accumulated in the oriental almond seedlings was affected more than the normal almond seedlings.

Keywords: Mistletoe, Common almond, Eastern almond, Aqueous extract.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mohammad Salem Altarawneh^(1)* Radi Abdalmajeed Altarawneh⁽¹⁾ Ebraheem  Suliman Altahat⁽²⁾ and Ali  Abdullah Gharaibeh⁽³⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan.

(2). Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.

(3). Jordan Customs Directorate, Amman, Jordan.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mohammad Altarawneh, E-Mail: m.tarawneh@jpu.edu.jo).

Received: 01/01/2020                               Accepted: 15/06/2020

Abstract

This study comes to reveal the farmer’s perception of the level of accountability in agricultural extension in Jordan, and the effect of some social and economic characteristics on this perception. In this study, the researcher relied on the quantitative and analytical approach, whereby a sample consisting of 264 farmers was taken, and a descriptive analysis was used to estimate the degree of farmers’ perception of the level of accountability in agricultural extension in Jordan. Logistic regression analysis was also used to investigate the impact of participants ‘social and economic characteristics on farmers’ perception of the level of accountability. The study concluded that the level of accountability of extension services as viewed by farmers has come at a moderate degree, as it was found that the age, qualification, number of family members and the number of times of communication affect positively, while the value of the impact of the number of family members has an adverse effect. As for gender, experience, income, style, training, and marital status, they were not statistically significant in their effect. Based on the results, the study recommends conducting awareness-raising seminars for farmers about their rights as clients in the extension process, and that the design of agricultural extension policies be based on ensuring extension accountability by farmers, and that agricultural extension systems in the public sector in Jordan undertake reforms that include demand-based approaches Decentralization to increase the impact of extension on agriculture and agricultural growth in Jordan.

Key words: Agricultural Extension, Accountability, Jordan.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Moataz Eliw Mostafa Ahmed^*(1) and Mohamed. A. Elsamie Abd Elsayed⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt.

(*Corresponding Author: Moataz Eliw Mostafa Ahmed. E-mail: moatazeliw@azhar.edu.eg)

Received: 03/04/2020                               Accepted: 23/06/2020

Abstract

Egypt suffers from insufficient domestic production for domestic consumption of maize. Estimation of future needs of this crop is one of essential tools that may help in setting plans to reduce the gap and minimize the financial burdens resulting from importing Maize. The research aimed mainly to predict the economic variables of the maize in Egypt through ARIMA models. The results showed that the Egyptian production of Maize in 2020, 2021 and 2022 is expected to reach 6.427 million tons, while the Egyptian consumption of the crop in the same years is expected to reach 12.168 million tons. Thus, the apparent gap of maize in Egypt will be about 5.741 million tons. Therefore, the value of Egyptian imports of this crop is expected to be about 1.097, 1.089, and $ 1.084 million in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The research recommended establishing a database on the future status of maize in Egypt that helps decision-makers in drawing up various incentive policies.

Keywords: Maize, ARIMA Models, Production, Consumption, Egypt.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ibrahim Hmdan Sakr⁽¹⁾ Ryad Tawfik Zidan⁽²⁾ and Mosa Marhig*⁽¹⁾

(1). Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen  University, Latakia. Syria.

(2). Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Mosa Marhig. E-Mail: mosa.marhij@gmail.com).

Received: 11/03/2019                               Accepted: 07/05/2019

Abstract

The research was carried out at Banias region in ​​Tartous governorate, Syria, during the agricultural season 2018/2017. The aim of the research was to study the reality of protected cultivation tomato in Tartous governorate in general and Banias region in particular through the calculation of revenues and costs. 225 questionnaires were distributed to the farmers in 12 villages in Banias, where most of tomato greenhouse farmers are concentrated in the long season. The indicators of economic analysis were then used to analyze data to produce and interpret results. The results showed an increase in production costs in the long season. The production costs amounted to 1264173.19 SP, but also accompanied by an increase in the total production. The total production amounted to 1800000 SP, which covered the production costs and increases the profit value of the farmers, which amounted to 535826.81 SP and the economic efficiency coefficient reached 1.42. The results recommended the necessity of working to reduce the value of agricultural production requirements, and to provide them with acceptable price, in line with the farmers’ incomes, and to highlight the role of agricultural organizations and cooperative societies in securing these requirements and prevent the monopoly of traders and support and encourage protected agriculture in the studied area, because of its high economic importance, and outstanding role in raising the standard of living and securing employment opportunities.

Key words: Tomatoes, Revenue, Costs, Protected agriculture, Economic efficiency, Long season.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF