Adham Ryad Alhayek *⁽¹⁾, Mohsen Jahjah ⁽¹⁾ and  Omar Farosi ⁽¹⁾

 (1). Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Tishreen University, Latakia, syria.                                                                                                                                                           

(*Corresponding author: eng. Adham Al-Hayek: Email: alhayekadham@gmail.com)

Received: 28/12/2019                                 Accepted: 09/06/2020

Abstract

This research aimed to calculate some feasibility indicators of apricot cultivation in Lattakia Governorate, during the year 2019 through questionnaires was distributed to 347 farmers within the four regions (Lattakia – Al-Hafah – Qardah – Jableh), where it was found that the profit rate reached 60.2%, which was good percentage and the productivity of farm productivity accounted 2.51, and the rentier factor based on production costs was 166.97%, while the profitability factor based on production costs was 151.66%, and marketing costs constitute the largest part of production costs by 46.92%, while the costs of harvesting occupy the second rank by 25.14% of total costs As a result, we must work to enhance apricot cultivation in Lattakia Governorate in mountainous areas, especially the liberated areas, which were rehabilitated and replanted with fruit trees.

Key Words: Apricot – Lattakia – Production Costs – feasibility study.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahmoud Amoudi * ⁽¹⁾ and Talib Ahmed ⁽²⁾

 (1). Department of Statistics and Programming, Faculty of Economics, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

(*corresponding author: Mahmoud  Amoudi. Email:mahmoud323@gmail.com)

Received: 28/7/2020                   Accepted: 06/09/2020

  Abstract

The aim of this research is to study and analyze the production of fruit trees and the factors affecting their production on the Syrian coast, in order to reach the most important production variables and factors affecting it using factor analysis, in addition to trying to arrive at the nature of the relationship between the production of fruit trees and the factors affecting them in the Syrian coast (Lattakia and Tartous) Based on data published by the Central Bureau of Statistics and periodic reports by the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform for a time series extending between (2000-2016). The results of the study showed the possibility of reducing the variables of fruit tree production in the Syrian coast from 8 variables to 4 basic factors, and reducing the variables of the factors affecting the production of fruit trees also in the Syrian coast from 9 variables to 3 basic factors, in addition to reaching by studying the relationship between tree production Fruits and factors affecting them using the multiple regression model indicated that there was a significant effect of natural, economic and human factors on the production of figs, apricots, grapes and citrus fruits, but they did not affect the production of apples, cherries, olives and pomegranates.
Key words: Factor analysis, fruit tree production, The syrian coast.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ghasan Baddour ^(1)*, Gahasn Yacoub ⁽¹⁾ and  Mahmoua Alio⁽¹⁾

(1) Dep. Agricultural Economics,Fac. Agric, Tishreen Univ., Lattakia, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Ghasan Baddour E-mail: ghassanadnanbaddour@gmail.com).

Received: 3/04/2020                                   Accepted: 11/05/2020

Abstract

The research aimed to study the marketing chain of olive oil and evaluating its effectiveness at the producer’s level, using quantitative and descriptive analysis methods, and this based on preliminary data collected in 2018 from a regular stratified sample of 350 farmers distributed in Lattakia and Tartous villages, according to their contribution to the total olive oil production. The results showed that the marketing options available to farmers focused on six marketing episodes, the most important of which was the wholesaler, the olive oil presses and the consumer, which demanded about 36.7%, 18.9% and 18.5% of the total quantities offered by the producers. The demand for the quality types of oil presented by the producers differed between these episodes, where the demand for the extra virgin oil was distributed in all these marketing episodes, and focused in the wholesalers’ one by 30.4%. While the demand for good olive oil was distributed in five ones and concentrated in the wholesalers and olive oil presses by 43.9% and 31% in each, respectively.  As for ordinary oil, it was limited to four episodes, and focused on both of wholesalers and consumers, at 37.2% and 30.4% each, respectively.  This was in light of the demand of companies and exporters focusing on extra and good olive oil by 100% and 82.7% of its total purchases of olive oil, respectively. In general, marketing costs decreased at the level of producers, estimated at about 78.8 SP / kg, as they constituted only about 7.5% of the total costs, and were mainly concentrated in packing costs by (50.9%), while the rest was distributed between storage and transportation costs by 26.6% And 22.5% each. In parallel, the producers were able to achieve a net profit of about 19% on average, and this indicator has increased to reach its maximum limit in the case of selling to exporters and companies by an value of 681.4 SP / kg and 570.3 SP / kg each, respectively. While the producers exposed to a net loss in the case of selling to presses estimated at -19 SP / kg. In the same context, the marketing efficiency increased according to the cost index, reaching 92.5% at the total sample level. While this efficiency decreased according to the sales value index, estimated at only 16.1%, its  minimum value was in the case of selling to presses estimated at -1.9% only, while its maximum value was estimated at 38.5% and 34.5% in the case of selling to the exporters and companies respectively. In general, the elasticity of the supply price at the producers level increased by about 5, which indicates the ability of producers to control the quantities offered, in light of expectations of an increase in selling prices in subsequent periods.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Iman Askoul ^(1)* , Abdul Wahab Merai ⁽²⁾ and Abdulhakim Azizieh ⁽²⁾

(1) National Commission for Biotechnology- Damascus, Syria.

(2) Food Science Department – Faculty of Agriculture- Damascus University-Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Iman askoul , E-Mail: iman.askoul85@gmail.com)

Received: 14/10/2020                     Accepted: 14/11/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out in the laboratories of the National Commission for Biotechnology and the Department of  Food Science – Faculty of Agriculture at Damascus University, during the year (2018). The research aimed to study the effect of adding three locally selected isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum on the microbial characteristics of the final product of fermented sausage comparing with both spontaneously fermented sausage and fermented sausage by adding a commercial starter culture in order to select the best of these three isolates as a local starter culture for the production of fermented meat. Results showed that the addition of a bacterial starter culture of lactic acid bacteria contributed to improving the microbial properties of the product when compared to the negative control, and the sausage to which the local starter culture (S2,11) was added gave the best microbial characteristics, as it contained the highest number of lactic acid bacteria, which in turn was able to reduce the number of yeasts, fungi, coliform bacteria and total count of bacteria during the manufacturing and refrigerated storage stages, indicating the possibility of safe use of local starter culture (S2,11) to successfully produce fermented meat.

Key words: Lactic acid bacteria, Starter Cultures, Fermented Meat.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Mahmoud Abdulkreem *⁽¹⁾

(1).Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo-Aleppo-Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Dr. Mahmoud Abdulkreem, E-Mail: madrid198182@yahoo.com)

Received: 9/08/2020                                   Accepted: 06/09/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted between June and July 2020 to study the effect of Carboxy methylcellulose, carrageenan and boiling on physicochemical properties of chicken meatballs. Addition of carboxymethylcellulose and carrageenan (2%) reduced the percentage of the moisture, the protein and the fat and increased the percentage of the ash in the samples before boiling. The addition of carrageenan increased the ability of the product to bind water, reduced the drip loss and improved the texture of the final product in comparison with carboxymethylcellulose. The using of two additives mentioned above reduced the loss during the boiling, but the using of carrageenan increased consumer acceptance to the final product. The results showed a slight significant decrease (P <0.05) for the percentage of protein, and a significant increase (P <0.05) for the fat and the ash content in the boiled and processed samples after adding carrageenan and carboxymethylcellulose compared to the control. The using of carrageenan in comparison with carboxymethylcellulose reduced the loss of the fat and the ash content and increased the moisture content during the boiling process. The using of carboxymethylcellulose and carrageenan significantly reduced the acidity in both raw and boiled samples, also; the addition of carrageenan increased the salt content, unlike carboxymethylcellulose.

Key words: chicken meat, carrageenan, Carboxy-methylcellulose, Chicken Balls, boiling.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Roula Hamoui^(1)* , Mahmud Dahan⁽¹⁾ and Faten Hamed⁽²⁾

• Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.
• Department of Food Technology, General commission of Agricultural and Scientific research, Damascus , Syria.

 (*Corresponding author: Roula Hamoui E-mail: roula31@hotmail.com).

Received: 29/03/2020                                Accepted: 09/06/2020

Abstract

This research was carried out at the oil technology laboratory in department of food science of the faculty of Agriculture engineering in 2019 where the Chemical Interesterification was applied using the sodium methoxide (CH₃ONa) as the catalyst (0.5%) on various blends of sunflower oil and beef tallow during 60 minutes. Some physical and chemical tests were evaluated on the mixtures studied before and after the chemical interesterification which containing the number of peroxide, percentages of acidity, number of saponification, iodine value, slip melting point, Solid fat index (SFI%) and fatty acid composition. The results showed that the interesterification was effective to modify only the physical properties of the mixture studied, and the values of melting point showed high significant differences, before and after interesterification, while no significant differences appeared in the number of saponification and iodine value ​​between the studied mixtures before and after interesterification. The interesterification resulted a decrease in SFI% in the studied mixtures according to the type and proportions of the constituent lipids, this indicates that the interesterification leads to produced lipids with specific new properties that enter into various food processing.

Keywords: Chemical Interesterification, Slip Melting Point, SFI%, Fatty acids.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Rawan Khatib ^(1*)_, Bouchra Ali⁽²⁾ and Wadieh Khoury⁽²⁾

(1). Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Aleppo, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR). Aleppo , Syria.

(2).Department of Natural Resources Renewable and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.

(*Corresponding author: Eng. Rawan Khatib. E-Mail: rrr93rawan@gmail.com)

Received: 14/05/2020                                Accepted: 20/07/2020

Abstract

The soil water erosion risk is one of the most important problems and challenges facing the agricultural process in the Syrian coast today. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of dangerous areas of water erosion in the basin of the Mrqyieh River using CORINE model. To achieve this objective, the first phase of the study was to evaluate the soil erosion viability based on soil characteristics (soil texture, soil depth and percentage of stones); these properties were classified according to their influence degree on soil erosion. The potential risk erosion map was based on crossing all information obtained from soil erodibility, erosivity index and the degree of slope at study area by using GIS technologies. The land cover map of the study was produced and classified to two classes depending on soil protection degree. Then, an actual risk map of soil erosion was prepared after crossing land cover and potential risk erosion classes of study sites. This study showed that 14.8% of the studied area facing high risk of soil erosion, while the soil risk was moderate in 40.4% and low in 44.8% of the study area. The highly risked erosion area was located in the center, northern and northwest parts of the study area. Moreover, the study confirmed that the land cover is the most influential factor on soil water erosion. The results showed that the Corine model for soil water erosion mapping is a highly effective and cost-effective approach.

Keyword: Risk Water Erosion, Geographic information System, Mrqyieh River, Corine Methodology.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Al- Muthana Subhi  Al- Diwani ⁽¹⁾  and  Irfan Aswad Al-Hamd*⁽¹⁾

(1)Department of Soil and Land Reclamation – Faculty of Agriculture – Euphrates University.

(*Corrsponding author: Irfan Al-Hamd. E-Mail: orfan.alhmad@gmail.com)

Received: 22/02/2020                                Accepted: 23/03/2020

Abstract

The study aimed to assess wet soil construction and the extent to which its compounds are water resistant during the use of different rates of leaching water. A field experiment was carried out at Al-Hariji area in Deir ez-Zor governorate in 2018 and is outside the scope of agricultural investment due to excess salinity. Using the method of the double metal rings internal in diameter (50) cm and external in diameter (75) cm, by adding the following rates: (5000, 7500, 10,000 m³/ha) and then covered the rings with nylon cover and thin layers of soil and herbs in order to reduce the evaporation process and designed the laundry experiment in the manner of random sectors and three repeats for each washing rate, and by (5 meters) between each two rings successively. The results were as follows: the unacceptable wet structural analysis of the diameter- granules (>0.25) changed to a bad state after using the washing rates (7500, 10,000) m³/ha at a depth of (0-25) cm. The soil was exposed to water drift under heavy rains and fragmentation of soil compound granules and thus sabotage its construction, resulting in the impoverishment and degradation of the surface layer with soft elements. This calls for the addition of organic and mineral residues as stable fertilizer and agricultural sulfur in order to improve this layer and provide it with the nutrients necessary for the growth of agricultural crops naturally and well. It was also noted that there were moral differences resulting from the effect of different washing rates, depth and interaction with wet compounds as a result of the addition of different amounts of washing water.

Keywords: Washing Water, Washing Rates, Wet Sifting.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Rama barakat^{(1) *} and  Michael skaf  ⁽¹⁾

(1).Department of forestry and environment Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria .

 (*Corrsponding author: Rama barakat. E-Mail:Rama-barakat@tishreen.edu.sy)

Received: 05/11/2019                    Accepted: 12/03/2020

Abstract

Drought is considered as the most adverse meteorological phenomenon affecting water resources, agricultural production and natural ecosystems. Monthly precipitation and temperature data for two major stations in Syrian Aljazeera region were used to determine spatiotemporal characteristics of drought during the period 1957-2012. Water balance anomaly index (WBAI) was applied to evaluate drought intensity at seasonal and annual time scales. Trends with Mann-Kendall test were used to detect changes in drought intensity. Whereas logistic distribution was computed for two period (1958-1985 and 1985-2012), to estimate changes in drought frequency.  Results showed significant changes in drought – characteristics in the study region. The annual drought intensity had increased because tendency in drought index values decreased by (-1.98, -1.77) during winter and (-1.9, -2.61) during spring in AlHassaka and AlQamshli respectively. At the same time increment in extreme drought frequency versus diminishing frequency of extreme moisture was observed in both meteorological stations. These changes will negatively affect crop, rangeland productivity, and water resources, it will also pose a big challenge to the sustainable development in that region.

Keywords: climate change-drought- AlHassaka-AlQamshli-Syria.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF

Ensaf Hassan Akel^(1)* , Hanan kawas⁽¹⁾, Qusay Al-Rhayeh⁽¹⁾, Rehab Hamdan⁽¹⁾and Imad D. Ismail ⁽²⁾

(1). General Commission Agriculture Research, Lattakia, Syria

(2).Tishreen university, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of plan protection Lattakia, Syria

(* Corresponding author: Email: ensafakel5n4a@gmail.com )

Received: 07/06/2020                      Accepted: 02/07/2020

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of tow strains of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA342, and Bacillus subtillis FZB27, on reducing infection by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), in tomato plants grown under protected agriculture, in Agricultural Research Centre during Autumn and Winter of 2018-2019 growing seasons. Tomato seeds were immersed in suspension of tow strains (concentration 9× 10⁹ Bacterial cell/ml) before seeding, Also Tomato seedling before transplanting were treated with bacterial suspension (5ml/seedling). Additional 10ml/plant of bacterial suspension were added after 10 days according to the experiment treatments. The following were estimated: peroxides enzyme activity, viral concentration, percentage of viral inhibition. Results showed increasing in peroxides enzyme activity after 10 days in plants inoculated with TYLCV and treated with bacterial suspension  B27 (0.032 µm /mg) and this was better than other used treatments  MA and virus( 0.031 µm /mg) and control treatment (0.023 µm/mg).  After 30 days of viral infection the peroxides enzyme activity  was higher in plants treated with MA (1.362 µm /mg) than plants treated with B27 (0.940 µm/mg) and control treatment (0.449 µm/mg). Results of estimation of viral concentration by TAS-ELISA has shown decreasing in TYLCV concentration, after 50 days of inoculation. The absorbance values at 450 nm of extracts from MA treated plants (0.373) and B27 treatment plants (0.378) comparing with absorbance values (0.702) of extracts from control treatment. The percentage of viral inhibition in treated plants with MA (46.86%) was higher from plants treaded with B27 (46%) may be because the activity of peroxides enzyme was higher in plants treated with MA than others.

Key words: Pgpr,  Tylcv, Tas- Elisa, peroxides Enzyme.

Full paper in Arabic: PDF